scholarly journals The potential role of inhaled nitric oxide for postexposure chemoprophylaxis of COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antoine AbdelMassih ◽  
Rafeef Hozaien ◽  
Meryam El Shershaby ◽  
Aya Kamel ◽  
Habiba-Allah Ismail ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Cytosolic Calcium ◽  
Inhaled Nitric Oxide ◽  
Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Symptomatic Infection ◽  
Post Exposure ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis

Abstract Background Several vaccines have been fast-tracked in an attempt to decrease the morbidity and mortality of COVID-19. However, post-exposure prophylaxis has been overlooked in battling COVID-19. Main text Inhaled nitric oxide is a potential tool in post-exposure prophylaxis of COVID-19. It decreases cytosolic calcium levels, which impairs the action of Furin. SARS-CoV-2 uses Furin to replicate in the respiratory tract. Short conclusion Inhaled nitric oxide could decrease the viral load in the upper respiratory tract, abort clinically symptomatic infection, and prevent subsequent complications. Nitric oxide might be a tool for post-exposure chemoprophylaxis in at-risk groups, especially medical personnel.

#30: Patterns of Post-Exposure Prophylaxis for Varicella-Zoster Virus in Pediatric Patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S3-S3
Author(s):  
Shan Sun ◽  
Sameer Patel ◽  
Ravi Jhaveri
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Varicella Zoster Virus ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Annual Data ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Post Exposure ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background Varicella-Zoster virus (VZV) is still a significant threat for severe illness for patients in high-risk groups. These patients are candidates for post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), but among adult providers there is significant variation on what agents are used for PEP. There are little data on PEP practices among pediatric providers. Objective We sought to define patterns of PEP for VZV exposure across children’s hospitals. Methods Using the Pediatric Health Information Systems database, we analyzed claims data for the relevant ICD-9/10 codes for VZV exposure from 2009 to 2018. We evaluated patients for subsequent VZV disease, and we also evaluated how frequently PEP was given, how many days after the exposure or admission, and what agent was used for PEP. We analyzed annual data and institutional-level data over the study period and looked for trends over time. We performed Kruskal–Willis testing when comparing more than two independent samples of equal or different sample sizes. Results Over the 10 years, we identified 1726 children with VZV exposure, 1622 of them with only one exposure. Of these 1662 children, 683 (42.1%) were prescribed some form of PEP after VZV exposure, while 75 (4.6%) ultimately developed some form of symptomatic VZV. Among the agents used for VZV PEP, acyclovir along was the most frequently used overall, but its use declined over time (45% in 2009 to 30% in 2018). Immunoglobulin was the second most used option (26–43%), while a consistent percentage (4–19%) of children also received the combination of acyclovir and IG. Varicella-specific immune globulin (VariZIG) was used sparingly before 2013, but its use was more frequent from 2015 to 2018 (23–27%). Most children receiving VZV PEP had some form of malignancy, with various newborn populations comprising most of the rest of PEP recipients. Efficacy in preventing VZV was significantly different: 27/218 (12.4%) of children with acyclovir PEP ultimately had a VZV-diagnosis code, compared with 1/148 (0.7%) and 1/112 (0.9%) treated, respectively, with either IG or VariZIG (P < 0.0001). Conclusions Increasing use of VariZIG likely corresponded to widespread US availability after a long market absence. Nonetheless, the management of VZV PEP in children with high-risk conditions varied considerably across institutions. As the CDC and AAP Red Book list VariZIG as the primary option for PEP, there is considerable room to optimize PEP practice and reduce breakthrough VZV infections.

Low awareness and use of post-exposure prophylaxis among adolescents and young adults in South Africa: implications for the prevention of new HIV infections

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 242-248
Author(s):  
Anthony Idowu Ajayi ◽  
Mohammed Sanusi Yusuf ◽  
Elmon Mudefi ◽  
Oladele Vincent Adeniyi ◽  
Ntombana Rala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Adolescents And Young Adults ◽  
Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Post Exposure ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis

Study of sharp injuries and blood splash exposures among healthcare workers in a tertiary hospital in Bangalore

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shalini Sivananjiah Pradeep ◽  
Suman Gadicherla Raghu ◽  
Prathab A G ◽  
Banashankari G Rudresh ◽  
Radhika Kunnavil
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Tertiary Hospital ◽  
Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Post Exposure ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Management Procedures ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Sharps Injury ◽  
Sharps Injuries

The working environment of healthcare workers (HCW) exposes them to sharp injuries. This communication attempts to examine the injury registers, incidence of sharps injuries and blood splash exposures, and the post-exposure prophylaxis status of employees in a tertiary care hospital. Analysis included records form 54 locations of two units of a tertiary hospital attached to a Medical College. Maintenance of the injury register overall was highly satisfactory in both units. Two hundred and nine injuries were recorded from both units of the hospital. The majority of injuries (60.5%) occurred in the age group of 20-30 years with 70% among females. Waste handlers were at increased risk during waste management procedures. Thirty two percent of sharps injury injuries occurred in wards. Of the ward nursing staff, 25.3% received sharps injuries. Post-exposure prophylaxis for Hepatitis B (primary dose) was given to 25 HCWs; 11 received booster doses. The basic regimen for HIV post-exposure prophylaxis was given to 4 HCWs. Awareness about records maintenance, regular documentation, awareness and training, and implementation of appropriate preventive measures can reduce the incidence of injuries. Key words: Sharps, injury register, Health care workers (HCW),Post exposure prophylaxis (PEP)

scholarly journals 986. Improvement in Administration of HIV Post-Exposure Prophylaxis in the Emergency Department Following Sexual Assault

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S521-S522
Author(s):  
Jennifer R Silva-Nash ◽  
Stacie Bordelon ◽  
Ryan K Dare ◽  
Sherrie Searcy
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Intervention Period ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Post Exposure ◽  
Assault Victims ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis

Abstract Background Nonoccupational post exposure prophylaxis (nPEP) following sexual assault can prevent HIV transmission. A standardized Emergency Department (ED) protocol for evaluation, treatment, and follow up for post assault victims was implemented to improve compliance with CDC nPEP guidelines. Methods A single-center observational study of post sexual assault patients before/after implementation of an ED nPEP protocol was conducted by comparing the appropriateness of prescriptions, labs, and necessary follow up. A standardized order-set based on CDC nPEP guidelines, with involvement of an HIV pharmacist and ID clinic, was implemented during the 2018-2019 academic year. Clinical data from pre-intervention period (07/2016-06/2017) was compared to post-intervention period (07/2018-08/2019) following a 1-year washout period. Results During the study, 147 post-sexual assault patients (59 Pre, 88 Post) were included. One hundred thirty-three (90.4%) were female, 68 (46.6%) were African American and 133 (90.4%) were candidates for nPEP. Median time to presentation following assault was 12.6 hours. nPEP was offered to 40 (67.8%) and 84 (95.5%) patients (P< 0.001) and ultimately prescribed to 29 (49.2%) and 71 (80.7%) patients (P< 0.001) in pre and post periods respectively. Renal function (37.3% vs 88.6%; P< 0.001), pregnancy (39.0% vs 79.6%; P< 0.001), syphilis (3.4% vs 89.8%; P< 0.001), hepatitis B (15.3% vs 95.5%; P< 0.001) and hepatitis C (27.1% vs 94.3%) screening occurred more frequently during the post period. Labratory, nPEP Prescription and Follow up Details for Patients Prescribed nPEP Conclusion The standardization of an nPEP ED protocol for sexual assault victims resulted in increased nPEP administration, appropriateness of prescription, screening for other sexually transmitted infectious and scheduling follow up care. While guideline compliance dramatically improved, further interventions are likely warranted in this vulnerable population. Disclosures Ryan K. Dare, MD, MS, Accelerate Diagnostics, Inc (Research Grant or Support)

scholarly journals Rabies Post-Exposure Prophylaxis in Germany-what are the challenges?

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
P Meyerhoff ◽  
S Manekeller ◽  
N Saleh ◽  
C Boesecke ◽  
S Schlabe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Post Exposure ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis
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