Imaging above an extended-reach horizontal well using converted shear waves and a rig source

Geophysics ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. S93-S103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakob B. U. Haldorsen ◽  
W. Scott Leaney ◽  
Richard T. Coates ◽  
Steen A. Petersen ◽  
Helge Ivar Rutledal ◽  
...  

We evaluated a method for using 3C vertical seismic profile data to image acoustic interfaces located between the surface source and a downhole receiver array. The approach was based on simple concepts adapted from whole-earth seismology, in which observed compressional and shear wavefields are traced back to a common origin. However, unlike whole-earth and passive seismology, in which physical sources are imaged, we used the observed compressional and shear wavefields to image secondary sources (scatterers) situated between the surface source and the downhole receiver array. The algorithm consisted of the following steps: first, estimating the receiver compressional wavefield; second, using polarization to estimating the shear wavefield; third, deconvolving the shear wavefield using estimates of the source wavelet obtained from the direct compressional wave; fourth, the compressional and shear wavefields were back projected into the volume between the source and receivers; where, finally, an imaging condition was applied. When applied to rig-source VSP data acquired in an extended-reach horizontal well, this process was demonstrated to give images of formation features in the overburden, consistent with surface-seismic images obtained from the same area.

Geophysics ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 786-799 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. B. Dillon

Wave‐equation migration can form an accurate image of the subsurface from suitable VSP data. The image’s extent and resolution are determined by the receiver array dimensions and the source location(s). Experiments with synthetic and real data show that the region of reliable image extent is defined by the specular “zone of illumination.” Migration is achieved through wave‐field extrapolation, subject to an imaging procedure. Wave‐field extrapolation is based upon the scalar wave equation and, for VSP data, is conveniently handled by the Kirchhoff integral. The migration of VSP data calls for imaging very close to the borehole, as well as imaging in the far field. This dual requirement is met by retaining the near‐field term of the integral. The complete integral solution is readily controlled by various weighting devices and processing strategies, whose worth is demonstrated on real and synthetic data.


Geophysics ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 723-729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin M. Sayers

Wide‐aperture walkaway vertical seismic profile (VSP) data acquired through transversely isotropic horizontal layers can be used to determine the P phase‐slowness surface, local to a receiver array in a borehole. In the presence of dip, errors in the slowness surface may occur if the medium is assumed to be layered horizontally. If the acquisition plane is oriented parallel to the dip direction, the derived slowness is too large for sources offset from the well in the down‐dip direction and too small for sources offset from the well in the up‐dip direction. For acquisition parallel to the strike of the layers, the recovery of the P phase‐slowness in the vicinity of the receiver array is excellent. It is therefore preferable to orient the walkaway VSP in the strike direction to estimate the anisotropic parameters of the medium in the vicinity of a receiver array. However, this may not be possible. If the dip direction of all layers has the same azimuth, the variation of walkaway traveltimes with azimuth has a simple form. This allows data from a single walkaway VSP extending both sides of a well to be inverted for the local anisotropic P phase‐slowness surface at the receivers even in the presence of dip. If data are acquired at more than one azimuth, the dip direction can be determined.


2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Bruno dos Santos Silva ◽  
Ellen de Nazaré Souza Gomes

ABSTRACT. In the world, many unconventional hydrocarbon reservoirs have been found. This type of reservoir generally has anisotropic properties. The estimation of the anisotropy of the medium can give useful information about the reservoir, for example, one can obtain the information on the direction of fractures, these are related to the preferential flow. This information is important in deciding which direction to drill the well. Measurements of slowness and polarization of qP-wave obtained from VSP (vertical seismic profile) experiments allow estimating the anisotropy in the vicinity of a geophones inside the borehole. Using the perturbation theory, a weakly anisotropic medium can be modeled by first-order perturbation around an isotropic reference medium. The inversion scheme is based on a linear approximation which expresses the slowness and polarization in terms of WA (weak anisotropy) parameters. These parameters characterize the deviations of the anisotropic medium from a reference isotropic medium. In presented inversion scheme, we use the three components of the polarization, since we consider 3C (three-components) geophones, and only one of the slowness components, the one along the borehole direction, where is located the receiver array. In this work, the inversion scheme using VSP data of slowness and polarization from direct wave qP for the estimation of the parameters of weak anisotropy WA is analyzed considering the orientation of the horizontal borehole. Three different configurations for the sources are analyzed. The results are compared with results from vertical borehole. It has been found that only a group of components of the tensor of the WA parameters is well estimated and this group depend on the orientation of the borehole. On the other hand, the phase velocity determined from the WA parameter tensor is always well estimated in a 30_ cone around the borehole, regardless of the borehole orientation.Keywords: Local anisotropy, VSP multiazimuthal, linear inversion, survey design.RESUMO. Muitos reservatórios de hidrocarbonetos não convencionais tem sido encontrados. Esse tipo de reservatório geralmente tem propriedades anisotrópicas. A estimativa da anisotropia do meio pode fornecer informações úteis sobre o reservatório, como por exemplo, informações sobre a direção das fraturas que estão relacionadas a direção de fluxo preferencial. Esta informação é importante para decidir que direção furar o poço. Medidas de vagarosidade e polarização de ondas qP obtidas em levantamentos de VSP (vertical seismic profile) permitem estimar a anisotropia na vizinhança de um geofone dentro do poço. Usando a teoria da perturbação, um meio fracamente anisotrópico pode ser modelado como uma perturbação de primeira ordem em torno de um meio isotrópico de referência. O esquema de inversão baseia-se numa aproximação linear que expressa a vagarosidade e polarização em termos do parâmetros WA (fraca anisotropia). Esses parâmetros caracterizam os desvios do meio anisotrópico a partir de um meio isotrópico de referência. No esquema de inversão são usadas as três componentes do vetor de polarização, esta-se considerando geofones 3C (três componentes) e apenas uma componente do vetor de vagarosidade, a componente ao longo da direção de orientação do poço, onde estão localizados os receptores. Neste trabalho, é analisado o esquema de inversão são usados dados de vagarosidade e polarização de ondas qP diretas em experimentos de VSP considerando a orientação do poço horizontal. Três diferentes configurações para as fontes são estudadas. Os resultados foram comparados com os resultados obtidos considerando o poço vertical. Verifica-se que apenas um grupo de componentes do tensor dos parâmetros elásticos WA é bem estimado. Este grupo depende da orientação do poço. Por outro lado, a velocidade de fase determinada a partir dos parâmetros WA é sempre bem estimada em um cone de 30_ torno do poço, independente de sua orientação. Palavras-chave: Anisotropia Local, VSP multiazimutal, inversão linear, desenho de experimento.


Geophysics ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. S157-S168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Vasconcelos ◽  
Roel Snieder ◽  
Brian Hornby

Seismic interferometry has become a technology of growing interest for imaging borehole seismic data. We demonstrate that interferometry of internal multiples can be used to image targets above a borehole receiver array. By internal multiples, we refer to all types of waves that scatter multiple times inside the model. These include, for instance, interbed, intrasalt, and water-bottom multiples as well as conversions among them. We use an interferometry technique that is based on representation theorems for perturbed media and targets the reconstruction of specific primary reflections from multiply reflected waves. In this interferometry approach, we rely on shot-domain wavenumber separation to select the directions of waves arriving at a given receiver. Using a numerical walkaway (WAW) VSP experiment recorded by a subsalt borehole receiver array in the Sigsbee salt model, we use the interference of internal multiples to image the salt structure from below. In this numerical example, the interferometric image that uses internal multiples reconstructs the bottom- and top-of-salt reflectors above the receiver array as well as the subsalt sediment structure between the array and the salt. Because of the limited source summation in this interferometry example, the interferometric images show artifact reflectors within the salt body. We apply this method to a field walkaway VSP from the Gulf of Mexico. With the field data, we demonstrate that the choice of shot-domain wavenumbers in the target-oriented interferometry procedure controls the wavenumbers in the output pseudoshot gathers. Target-oriented interferometric imaging from the 20-receiver array recovers the top-of-salt reflector that is consistent with surface seismic images. We present our results with both correlation-based and deconvolution-based interferometry.


Geophysics ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 615-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. Stainsby ◽  
M. H. Worthington

Four different methods of estimating Q from vertical seismic profile (VSP) data based on measurements of spectral ratios, pulse amplitude, pulse width, and zeroth lag autocorrelation of the attenuated impulse are described. The last procedure is referred to as the pulse‐power method. Practical problems concerning nonlinearity in the estimating procedures, uncertainties in the gain setting of the recording equipment, and the influence of structure are considered in detail. VSP data recorded in a well in the central North Sea were processed to obtain estimates of seismic attenuation. These data revealed a zone of high attenuation from approximately 4 900 ft to [Formula: see text] ft with a value of [Formula: see text] Results of the spectral‐ratio analysis show that the data conform to a linear constant Q model. In addition, since the pulse‐width measurement is dependent upon the dispersive model adopted, it is shown that a nondispersive model cannot possibly provide a match to the real data. No unambiguous evidence is presented that explains the cause of this low Q zone. However, it is tentatively concluded that the seismic attenuation may be associated with the degree of compaction of the sediments and the presence of deabsorbed gases.


Geophysics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. N29-N40
Author(s):  
Modeste Irakarama ◽  
Paul Cupillard ◽  
Guillaume Caumon ◽  
Paul Sava ◽  
Jonathan Edwards

Structural interpretation of seismic images can be highly subjective, especially in complex geologic settings. A single seismic image will often support multiple geologically valid interpretations. However, it is usually difficult to determine which of those interpretations are more likely than others. We have referred to this problem as structural model appraisal. We have developed the use of misfit functions to rank and appraise multiple interpretations of a given seismic image. Given a set of possible interpretations, we compute synthetic data for each structural interpretation, and then we compare these synthetic data against observed seismic data; this allows us to assign a data-misfit value to each structural interpretation. Our aim is to find data-misfit functions that enable a ranking of interpretations. To do so, we formalize the problem of appraising structural interpretations using seismic data and we derive a set of conditions to be satisfied by the data-misfit function for a successful appraisal. We investigate vertical seismic profiling (VSP) and surface seismic configurations. An application of the proposed method to a realistic synthetic model shows promising results for appraising structural interpretations using VSP data, provided that the target region is well-illuminated. However, we find appraising structural interpretations using surface seismic data to be more challenging, mainly due to the difficulty of computing phase-shift data misfits.


Geophysics ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 1782-1791 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Graziella Kirtland Grech ◽  
Don C. Lawton ◽  
Scott Cheadle

We have developed an anisotropic prestack depth migration code that can migrate either vertical seismic profile (VSP) or surface seismic data. We use this migration code in a new method for integrated VSP and surface seismic depth imaging. Instead of splicing the VSP image into the section derived from surface seismic data, we use the same migration algorithm and a single velocity model to migrate both data sets to a common output grid. We then scale and sum the two images to yield one integrated depth‐migrated section. After testing this method on synthetic surface seismic and VSP data, we applied it to field data from a 2D surface seismic line and a multioffset VSP from the Rocky Mountain Foothills of southern Alberta, Canada. Our results show that the resulting integrated image exhibits significant improvement over that obtained from (a) the migration of either data set alone or (b) the conventional splicing approach. The integrated image uses the broader frequency bandwidth of the VSP data to provide higher vertical resolution than the migration of the surface seismic data. The integrated image also shows enhanced structural detail, since no part of the surface seismic section is eliminated, and good event continuity through the use of a single migration–velocity model, obtained by an integrated interpretation of borehole and surface seismic data. This enhanced migrated image enabled us to perform a more robust interpretation with good well ties.


2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. SW57-SW62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunsong Huang ◽  
Ruiqing He ◽  
Chaiwoot Boonyasiriwat ◽  
Yi Luo ◽  
Gerard Schuster

We introduce the concept of seminatural migration of multiples in vertical seismic profile (VSP) data, denoted as specular interferometric migration, in which part of the kernel is computed by ray tracing and the other part is obtained from the data. It has the advantage over standard migration of ghost reflections, in that the well statics are eliminated and the migration image is no more sensitive to velocity errors than migration of VSP primaries. Moreover, the VSP ghost image has significantly more subsurface illumination than the VSP primary image. The synthetic and field data results validate the effectiveness of this method.


2013 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 454
Author(s):  
Adrian Cristian Sanchez Rodriguez ◽  
Leon Dahlhaus ◽  
Konstantin Galybin ◽  
Andrew Vigor ◽  
Grant Skinner ◽  
...  

SWD was recently used in the North West Shelf of Australia to acquire time-depth measurements and to obtain a vertical seismic profile (VSP) while pulling out of hole. The use of SWD technology greatly enhanced the understanding of geology by acquiring a more precise geophysical picture of the subsurface, leading to better understanding of the subsurface and placement of wells in the future. A vertical incidence VSP was acquired in an offshore deviated well for a client on the Australian North West Shelf. The data was acquired using a moving-surface source, suspended from a boat, and a four-component downhole sensor in the bottom hole assembly (BHA). The downhole data was acquired using three orthogonal geophones and a single hydrophone measurement at each VSP level. This was recorded while pulling out of hole, and processed once the tool was on surface. Time picking accuracy of the downhole data is ±0.5 ms with the frequency range 6–90Hz, both comparable to Wireline. The repeatability of the hydrophone and geophone time picks was also excellent with the average difference being 0.2 ms and maximum 0.8 ms. High resolution VSP images beneath the well in addition to corridor stacks were derived from the geophone and hydrophone data, showing the geological structure of the reservoir. The quality of the data acquired allowed the client to remove the need for a wireline VSP run; it, therefore, saved significant rig time and costs associated with it, reduced the chances of getting stuck, and significantly reduced the seismic uncertainty.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document