Determination of anisotropic velocity models from walkaway VSP data acquired in the presence of dip

Geophysics ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 723-729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin M. Sayers

Wide‐aperture walkaway vertical seismic profile (VSP) data acquired through transversely isotropic horizontal layers can be used to determine the P phase‐slowness surface, local to a receiver array in a borehole. In the presence of dip, errors in the slowness surface may occur if the medium is assumed to be layered horizontally. If the acquisition plane is oriented parallel to the dip direction, the derived slowness is too large for sources offset from the well in the down‐dip direction and too small for sources offset from the well in the up‐dip direction. For acquisition parallel to the strike of the layers, the recovery of the P phase‐slowness in the vicinity of the receiver array is excellent. It is therefore preferable to orient the walkaway VSP in the strike direction to estimate the anisotropic parameters of the medium in the vicinity of a receiver array. However, this may not be possible. If the dip direction of all layers has the same azimuth, the variation of walkaway traveltimes with azimuth has a simple form. This allows data from a single walkaway VSP extending both sides of a well to be inverted for the local anisotropic P phase‐slowness surface at the receivers even in the presence of dip. If data are acquired at more than one azimuth, the dip direction can be determined.

Geophysics ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 786-799 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. B. Dillon

Wave‐equation migration can form an accurate image of the subsurface from suitable VSP data. The image’s extent and resolution are determined by the receiver array dimensions and the source location(s). Experiments with synthetic and real data show that the region of reliable image extent is defined by the specular “zone of illumination.” Migration is achieved through wave‐field extrapolation, subject to an imaging procedure. Wave‐field extrapolation is based upon the scalar wave equation and, for VSP data, is conveniently handled by the Kirchhoff integral. The migration of VSP data calls for imaging very close to the borehole, as well as imaging in the far field. This dual requirement is met by retaining the near‐field term of the integral. The complete integral solution is readily controlled by various weighting devices and processing strategies, whose worth is demonstrated on real and synthetic data.


Geophysics ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 1022-1031 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pawan Dewangan ◽  
Vladimir Grechka

Vertical seismic profiling (VSP), an established technique, can be used for estimating in‐situ anisotropy that might provide valuable information for characterization of reservoir lithology, fractures, and fluids. The P‐wave slowness components, conventionally measured in multiazimuth, walkaway VSP surveys, allow one to reconstruct some portion of the corresponding slowness surface. A major limitation of this technique is that the P‐wave slowness surface alone does not constrain a number of stiffness coefficients that may be crucial for inferring certain rock properties. Those stiffnesses can be obtained only by combining the measurements of P‐waves with those of S (or PS) modes. Here, we extend the idea of Horne and Leaney, who proved the feasibility of joint inversion of the slowness and polarization vectors of P‐ and SV‐waves for parameters of transversely isotropic media with a vertical symmetry axis (VTI symmetry). We show that there is no need to assume a priori VTI symmetry or any other specific type of anisotropy. Given a sufficient polar and azimuthal coverage of the data, the polarizations and slownesses of P and two split shear (S1 and S2) waves are sufficient for estimating all 21 elastic stiffness coefficients cij that characterize the most general triclinic anisotropy. The inverted stiffnesses themselves indicate whether or not the data can be described by a higher‐symmetry model. We discuss three different scenarios of inverting noise‐contaminated data. First, we assume that the layers are horizontal and laterally homogeneous so that the horizontal slownesses measured at the surface are preserved at the receiver locations. This leads to a linear inversion scheme for the elastic stiffness tensor c. Second, if the S‐wave horizontal slowness at the receiver location is unknown, the elastic tensor c can be estimated in a nonlinear fashion simultaneously with obtaining the horizontal slowness components of S‐waves. The third scenario includes the nonlinear inversion for c using only the vertical slowness components and the polarization vectors of P‐ and S‐waves. We find the inversion to be stable and robust for the first and second scenarios. In contrast, errors in the estimated stiffnesses increase substantially when the horizontal slowness components of both P‐ and S‐waves are unknown. We apply our methodology to a multiazimuth, multicomponent VSP data set acquired in Vacuum field, New Mexico, and show that the medium at the receiver level can be approximated by an azimuthally rotated orthorhombic model.


2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. SQ13-SQ22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingping Li ◽  
Ben Hewett

Previous diagnoses of surface seismic velocity models with vertical seismic profile (VSP) data in the Gulf of Mexico have indicated that shallow velocities were poorly constrained by VSP due to ringing caused by multiple casing strings. This ringing also hampered direct measurement of the seawater average velocity (SWAV) at a rig site with direct arrivals of a zero-offset VSP (ZVSP). We have directly measured the SWAV at a rig site with a known water depth by using differential times between primary water bottom multiples (WBMs) and direct first arrivals acquired in a marine VSP survey. We developed a procedure to process ZVSP-WBM signals for SWAV measurement. This WBM method is successfully applied to VSP data recorded at 27 rig sites in the deep-water environments of North and South America. Our results suggest that VSP processors should implement this method and add the SWAV measurement in their future velocity survey reports. We have estimated water bottom depths using differential times. We found that the estimated water depths are comparable with those acquired from sonar measurements by autonomous underwater vehicles, but with large uncertainties. The WBM method is extended by using data from a vertical incidence VSP to measure a profile of the SWAV along the path of a deviated well and evaluate possible lateral variations of SWAV. This method can potentially be applied to a time-lapse VSP to monitor temporal variations of SWAV. We also evaluated the application scope and limitations of the WBM method.


Geophysics ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. WA95-WA103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar Jarillo Michel ◽  
Ilya Tsvankin

Waveform inversion (WI), which has been extensively used in reflection seismology, could provide improved velocity models and event locations for microseismic surveys. Here, we develop an elastic WI algorithm for anisotropic media designed to estimate the 2D velocity field along with the source parameters (location, origin time, and moment tensor) from microseismic data. The gradient of the objective function is obtained with the adjoint-state method, which requires just two modeling simulations at each iteration. In the current implementation the source coordinates and velocity parameters are estimated sequentially at each stage of the inversion to minimize trade-offs and improve the convergence. Synthetic examples illustrate the accuracy of the inversion for layered VTI (transversely isotropic with a vertical symmetry axis) media, as well as the sensitivity of the velocity-analysis results to noise, the length of the receiver array, errors in the initial model, and variability in the moment tensor of the recorded events.


Geophysics ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 884-894 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weijian Mao ◽  
Graham W. Stuart

A multiphase tomographic algorithm is presented that allows 2-D and 3-D slowness (inverse of velocity) and variable reflector depth to be reconstructed simultaneously from both transmission and reflection traveltimes. We analyze the ambiguity in the determination of velocity and depth in transmission and reflection data and realize that depth perturbation is more sensitive to reflection traveltime anomalies than slowness perturbation, whereas the reverse is true of transmission traveltime anomalies. Because of the constraints on velocity and depth provided by the different wave types, this algorithm reduces the ambiguity substantially between velocity and depth prevalent in reflection tomography and also avoids the undetermined problem in transmission tomography. The linearized inversion was undertaken iteratively by decoupling velocity parameters from reflector depths. A rapid 2-D and 3-D ray‐tracing algorithm is used to compute transmission and reflection traveltimes and partial derivatives with respect to slowness and reflector depth. Both depth and velocity are parameterized in terms of cubic B‐spline functions. Synthetic examples indicate the improvement in tomographic results when both transmission and reflection times are included. The method has been applied to a reverse vertical seismic profile (VSP) data set recorded on the British coal measures along a crossed‐linear array. Traveltimes were picked automatically by the simultaneous determination of time delays and stacking weights using a waveform matching technique. The tomographic inversion of the observed reverse VSP images two fault‐zones of lower velocity than the surrounding media. The location of the faults was confirmed by near‐by reflection lines. The technique can be applied to offset VSPs or reverse VSPs and coincident VSP and surface reflection data.


2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. SW11-SW25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Han Wu ◽  
Wai-Fan Wong ◽  
Zhaohui Yang ◽  
Peter B. Wills ◽  
Jorge L. Lopez ◽  
...  

We have acquired and processed 3D vertical seismic profile (VSP) data recorded simultaneously in two wells using distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) during the acquisition of the 2012 Mars 4D ocean-bottom seismic survey in the deepwater Gulf of Mexico. The objectives of the project were to assess the quality of DAS data recorded in fiber-optic cables from the surface to the total depth, to demonstrate the efficacy of the DAS VSP technology in a deepwater environment, to derisk the use of the technology for future water injection or production monitoring without intervention, and to exploit the velocity information that 3D VSP data provide for evaluating and updating the velocity model. We evaluated the advantages of DAS VSP to reduce costs and intrusiveness, and we determined that high-quality images can be obtained from relatively noisy raw 3D DAS VSP data, as evidenced by the well 1 image, probably the best 3D VSP image we have ever seen. Our results also revealed that the direct arrival traveltimes can be used to assess the quality of an existing velocity model and to invert for an improved velocity model. We identified issues with the DAS acquisition and the processing steps to mitigate them and to handle problems specific to DAS VSP data. We described the steps for conditioning the data before migration, reverse time migration, and postmigration processing to reduce noise artifacts. We outlined a novel first-break picking procedure that works even in the absence of a strong first arrival and a velocity diagnosis method to assess and validate velocity models and velocity updates. Finally, we determined potential applications to 4D monitoring of fluid movement around producer or injector wells, identification of active salt movements, and more accurate imaging and monitoring of complex structures around the wells.


2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Bruno dos Santos Silva ◽  
Ellen de Nazaré Souza Gomes

ABSTRACT. In the world, many unconventional hydrocarbon reservoirs have been found. This type of reservoir generally has anisotropic properties. The estimation of the anisotropy of the medium can give useful information about the reservoir, for example, one can obtain the information on the direction of fractures, these are related to the preferential flow. This information is important in deciding which direction to drill the well. Measurements of slowness and polarization of qP-wave obtained from VSP (vertical seismic profile) experiments allow estimating the anisotropy in the vicinity of a geophones inside the borehole. Using the perturbation theory, a weakly anisotropic medium can be modeled by first-order perturbation around an isotropic reference medium. The inversion scheme is based on a linear approximation which expresses the slowness and polarization in terms of WA (weak anisotropy) parameters. These parameters characterize the deviations of the anisotropic medium from a reference isotropic medium. In presented inversion scheme, we use the three components of the polarization, since we consider 3C (three-components) geophones, and only one of the slowness components, the one along the borehole direction, where is located the receiver array. In this work, the inversion scheme using VSP data of slowness and polarization from direct wave qP for the estimation of the parameters of weak anisotropy WA is analyzed considering the orientation of the horizontal borehole. Three different configurations for the sources are analyzed. The results are compared with results from vertical borehole. It has been found that only a group of components of the tensor of the WA parameters is well estimated and this group depend on the orientation of the borehole. On the other hand, the phase velocity determined from the WA parameter tensor is always well estimated in a 30_ cone around the borehole, regardless of the borehole orientation.Keywords: Local anisotropy, VSP multiazimuthal, linear inversion, survey design.RESUMO. Muitos reservatórios de hidrocarbonetos não convencionais tem sido encontrados. Esse tipo de reservatório geralmente tem propriedades anisotrópicas. A estimativa da anisotropia do meio pode fornecer informações úteis sobre o reservatório, como por exemplo, informações sobre a direção das fraturas que estão relacionadas a direção de fluxo preferencial. Esta informação é importante para decidir que direção furar o poço. Medidas de vagarosidade e polarização de ondas qP obtidas em levantamentos de VSP (vertical seismic profile) permitem estimar a anisotropia na vizinhança de um geofone dentro do poço. Usando a teoria da perturbação, um meio fracamente anisotrópico pode ser modelado como uma perturbação de primeira ordem em torno de um meio isotrópico de referência. O esquema de inversão baseia-se numa aproximação linear que expressa a vagarosidade e polarização em termos do parâmetros WA (fraca anisotropia). Esses parâmetros caracterizam os desvios do meio anisotrópico a partir de um meio isotrópico de referência. No esquema de inversão são usadas as três componentes do vetor de polarização, esta-se considerando geofones 3C (três componentes) e apenas uma componente do vetor de vagarosidade, a componente ao longo da direção de orientação do poço, onde estão localizados os receptores. Neste trabalho, é analisado o esquema de inversão são usados dados de vagarosidade e polarização de ondas qP diretas em experimentos de VSP considerando a orientação do poço horizontal. Três diferentes configurações para as fontes são estudadas. Os resultados foram comparados com os resultados obtidos considerando o poço vertical. Verifica-se que apenas um grupo de componentes do tensor dos parâmetros elásticos WA é bem estimado. Este grupo depende da orientação do poço. Por outro lado, a velocidade de fase determinada a partir dos parâmetros WA é sempre bem estimada em um cone de 30_ torno do poço, independente de sua orientação. Palavras-chave: Anisotropia Local, VSP multiazimutal, inversão linear, desenho de experimento.


2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 707
Author(s):  
Raiza De Nazaré Assunção Macambira ◽  
Ellen De Nazaré Souza Gomes ◽  
Adriano César Rodrigues Barreto

ABSTRACT. This study presents an analysis of the linear inversion scheme for estimating anisotropy in the neighborhood of a receiver placed in a well using thevertical components of the slowness and polarization vectors of P-waves measured in multi-azimuth walkaway vertical seismic profile (VSP) surveys. Independently ofthe medium above the geophone (homogeneous or heterogeneous) and the shape of the well (directional or curved, vertical or sloped), an inversion is performed froma first-order approximation around a reference isotropic medium. The analysis of the inversion scheme considers factors such as the noise level of the data, the type ofP-wave, the degree of the anisotropy of the medium, the choice of parameters in the reference isotropic medium and the degree of heterogeneity of the medium.Keywords: anisotropy estimation, multi-azimuth walkaway VSP data, weak anisotropy.RESUMO. Neste trabalho é apresentada uma análise do esquema de inversão linear para a estimativa de anisotropia na vizinhança de um receptor situado em um poço a partir da componente vertical do vetor de vagarosidade e do vetor de polarização das ondas P medidos em experimentos de VSP walkaway multiazimutal. Independente do meio acima do geofone (homogêneo ou heterogêneo) e da geometria do poço (inclinado, reto ou curvo), a inversão é feita a partir de uma aproximação de primeira ordem em torno de um meio isotrópico de referência. O esquema de inversão é analisado considerando diferente fatores, tais como: nível de ruído nos dados, tipo deonda P, grau de anisotropia do meio, escolha dos parâmetros no meio isotrópico de referência e grau de heterogeneidade do meio.Palavras-chave: estimativa de anisotropia local, dados de VSP walkaway multiazimutal, fraca anisotropia.


Geophysics ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 627-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
George A. McMechan

The analysis of vertical seismic profile (VSP) data is generally directed toward determination of rock properties (such as velocity, impedance, attenuation, and anisotropy) as functions of depth (that is, in a one‐dimensional model). If VSPs are extended to include observations from sources at multiple, finite offsets, then lateral variation in structure near the drill hole can be studied. Synthetic offset VSPs are computed by an acoustic finite‐difference algorithm for two‐dimensional models that include the main types of structural traps. These show that diagnostic lateral variations can be detected and interpreted in VSPs. In a VSP, lateral structure variations may produce changes in the type and number of arrivals, in amplitudes, in time and phase shifts, in interference patterns, in curvature of arrival branches, and in the focusing and defocusing of energy. All of these effects are functions of the positions of the source(s) and receiver(s); numerical modeling is a potentially useful tool for interpretation of VSP data from laterally varying structure.


Geophysics ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. S93-S103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakob B. U. Haldorsen ◽  
W. Scott Leaney ◽  
Richard T. Coates ◽  
Steen A. Petersen ◽  
Helge Ivar Rutledal ◽  
...  

We evaluated a method for using 3C vertical seismic profile data to image acoustic interfaces located between the surface source and a downhole receiver array. The approach was based on simple concepts adapted from whole-earth seismology, in which observed compressional and shear wavefields are traced back to a common origin. However, unlike whole-earth and passive seismology, in which physical sources are imaged, we used the observed compressional and shear wavefields to image secondary sources (scatterers) situated between the surface source and the downhole receiver array. The algorithm consisted of the following steps: first, estimating the receiver compressional wavefield; second, using polarization to estimating the shear wavefield; third, deconvolving the shear wavefield using estimates of the source wavelet obtained from the direct compressional wave; fourth, the compressional and shear wavefields were back projected into the volume between the source and receivers; where, finally, an imaging condition was applied. When applied to rig-source VSP data acquired in an extended-reach horizontal well, this process was demonstrated to give images of formation features in the overburden, consistent with surface-seismic images obtained from the same area.


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