Fire ecology north and south of the Alps since the last ice age

The Holocene ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 1214-1226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willy Tinner ◽  
Marco Conedera ◽  
Brigitta Ammann ◽  
Andre F. Lotter
Keyword(s):  
Fire Ecology ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
The Alps ◽  
Last Ice Age ◽  
North And South

scholarly journals Paleogroundwater in the Moutere Gravel Aquifers Near Nelson, New Zealand

Radiocarbon ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 517-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael K Stewart ◽  
Joseph T Thomas ◽  
Margaret Norris ◽  
Vanessa Trompetter
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Deep Groundwater ◽  
Sea Levels ◽  
The North ◽  
Discharge Water ◽  
Wide System ◽  
Last Ice Age ◽  
North And South

Radiocarbon, 18O, and chemical concentrations have been used to identify groundwater recharged during the last ice age near Nelson, New Zealand. Moutere Gravel underlies most of the Moutere Depression, a 30-km-wide system of valleys filled with Plio-Pleistocene gravel. The depression extends northwards into Tasman Bay, which was above sea level when the North and South Islands of New Zealand were connected during the last glaciation. The aquifers are tapped by bores up to 500 m deep. Shallow bores (50–100 m) tap “pre-industrial” Holocene water (termed the “modern” component) with 14C concentrations of 90 ± 10 percent modern carbon (pMC) and δ18O values of −6.8 ± 0.4, as expected for present-day precipitation. Deeper bores discharge water with lower 14C concentrations and more negative 18O values resulting from input of much older water from depth. The deep end-member of the mixing trend is identified as paleowater (termed the “glacial” component) with 14C concentration close to 0 pMC and more negative 18O values (-7.6). Mixing of the modern and glacial components gives rise to the variations observed in the 14C, 18O, and chemical concentrations of the waters. Identification of the deep groundwater as glacial water suggests that there may be a large body of such water onshore and offshore at deep levels. More generally, the influence of changing sea levels in the recent past (geologically speaking) on the disposition of groundwaters in coastal areas of New Zealand may have been far greater than we have previously realized.

scholarly journals A Lacustrine Revolution: Adaptive Shifts in the Late Glacial of South Central Europe

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Jochim
Keyword(s):  
Settlement Patterns ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Late Glacial ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
South Central ◽  
The Alps ◽  
Last Ice Age ◽  
Adaptive Shifts ◽  
New Habitats

The environmental changes in Europe at the end of the last ice age had profound effects on human populations. One of these changes, the development of numerous lakes in the region north of the Alps, created new habitats and niches that were rapidly exploited, with significant effects on many aspects of behavior. The record of environmental and archaeological changes in southern Germany and Switzerland are examined with an emphasis on some of the implications of the resulting change in settlement patterns.

Cave Archaeology and Palaeontology in the Creswell Region

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew T. Chamberlain
Keyword(s):  
Ice Age ◽  
Upper Permian ◽  
The North ◽  
Cave Archaeology ◽  
History Of ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
Last Ice Age ◽  
North And South ◽  
Heritage Area ◽  
Carboniferous Limestone

The aim of this chapter is to situate the unique discoveries of cave art at the Creswell Crags caves in the context of what is known of the cave archaeology and palaeontology of the caves of the southern Magnesian Limestone outcrop. The long history of archaeological research at Creswell Crags and the spectacular discoveries that continue to be made in the Creswell caves have tended to overshadow the widespread though less prominent distribution of cave archaeological sites along the limestone outcrop to the north and south of Creswell, a region known as the Creswell Crags Limestone Heritage Area (Mills 2001). Recent audits of the archaeology of the region have drawn attention to the large number of cave sites within the Limestone Heritage Area as well as the considerable potential that these sites have for further research into the history of Ice Age people and their environments (Mills 2001; Davies et al. 2004).While the focus of this chapter is on the Pleistocene deposits and Palaeolithic artefacts that have been preserved in the region’s caves, fissures, and rock shelters, these sites were used throughout prehistory by humans and animals and they contain much important cultural and environmental evidence for these later time periods after the end of the last Ice Age. Creswell Crags is located in the southern part of the Magnesian Limestone, a geological term for deposits of Upper Permian age that includes a series of formations of well-bedded oolitic to dolomitic limestones. The Magnesian Limestone forms a narrow north–south oriented outcrop that runs from near Nottingham in the south to the North Sea coast near Tynemouth in the north (Fig. 6.1). About 30 km to the west of the southern part of the Magnesian Limestone is the older Carboniferous Limestone outcrop of the White Peak, which, like the Magnesian Limestone, contains many archaeological caves. The southern part of the Magnesian Limestone outcrop, between Doncaster and Mansfield, is cut through by a series of vales and gorges which expose caves, fissures, and rockshelters along the cliff lines.

scholarly journals Zur letzten Eiszeit im alpinen und nordeuropäischen Raum

1987 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Glückert
Keyword(s):  
Fennoscandian Shield ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Maximum Extent ◽  
Ice Caps ◽  
Last Glaciation ◽  
The Alps ◽  
Last Ice Age ◽  
Marginal Zones

Abstract. On the last Glaciation of the Alps and Fennoscandia. During the Pleistocene the Alps and the Fennoscandian Shield were covered several times with extensive ice caps. During the last Ice Age. the Würm or Weichsel Glaciation, the maximum extent of the glaciers occurred at the end of the Ice Age, as late as 20.000 years ago. The main retreat phases during deglaciation were marked as distinct ice marginal zones and dated between 20,000 and 9,000 BP.

scholarly journals Southward Displacement of the Distribution of Glaciation During the Three Maxima of the Last Ice Age

1977 ◽  
Vol 18 (79) ◽  
pp. 305-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nils-Axel Mörner
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  
Ice Sheets ◽  
General Rule ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Pleistocene Glaciations ◽  
The North ◽  
Climatic Control ◽  
Last Ice Age ◽  
North And South

Abstract The Laurentide and Fennoscandian ice sheets had three major glaciation maxima during the Last Ice Age. All data from the southern margins of the ice sheets indicate that these maxima, as well as minor fluctuations, were synchronous. The same synchroneity is supposed to apply also for correlations between fluctuations on the north and south margins, which reveal a continuously southward displacement of the distribution of glaciation during the Last Ice Age. This southward displacement explains the saw-tooth pattern of 18O records from deep-sea cores in which the first glaciation maximum is under-represented due to its distribution more towards the north. The synchroneity is consistent with a global climatic control of the stadial/interstadial changes and with the recorded global eustatic changes. The southward displacement of glaciation seems to be a general rule also applicable to earlier Pleistocene glaciations.

scholarly journals Southward Displacement of the Distribution of Glaciation During the Three Maxima of the Last Ice Age

1977 ◽  
Vol 18 (79) ◽  
pp. 305-308
Author(s):  
Nils-Axel Mörner
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  
Ice Sheets ◽  
General Rule ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Pleistocene Glaciations ◽  
The North ◽  
Climatic Control ◽  
Last Ice Age ◽  
North And South

AbstractThe Laurentide and Fennoscandian ice sheets had three major glaciation maxima during the Last Ice Age. All data from the southern margins of the ice sheets indicate that these maxima, as well as minor fluctuations, were synchronous. The same synchroneity is supposed to apply also for correlations between fluctuations on the north and south margins, which reveal a continuously southward displacement of the distribution of glaciation during the Last Ice Age. This southward displacement explains the saw-tooth pattern of 18O records from deep-sea cores in which the first glaciation maximum is under-represented due to its distribution more towards the north. The synchroneity is consistent with a global climatic control of the stadial/interstadial changes and with the recorded global eustatic changes. The southward displacement of glaciation seems to be a general rule also applicable to earlier Pleistocene glaciations.

scholarly journals Arctic Ocean stratification set by sea level and freshwater inputs since the last ice age

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesse R. Farmer ◽  
Daniel M. Sigman ◽  
Julie Granger ◽  
Ona M. Underwood ◽  
François Fripiat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Bering Strait ◽  
Central Arctic Ocean ◽  
Phytoplankton Productivity ◽  
Nitrate Consumption ◽  
Western Arctic ◽  
Last Ice Age

AbstractSalinity-driven density stratification of the upper Arctic Ocean isolates sea-ice cover and cold, nutrient-poor surface waters from underlying warmer, nutrient-rich waters. Recently, stratification has strengthened in the western Arctic but has weakened in the eastern Arctic; it is unknown if these trends will continue. Here we present foraminifera-bound nitrogen isotopes from Arctic Ocean sediments since 35,000 years ago to reconstruct past changes in nutrient sources and the degree of nutrient consumption in surface waters, the latter reflecting stratification. During the last ice age and early deglaciation, the Arctic was dominated by Atlantic-sourced nitrate and incomplete nitrate consumption, indicating weaker stratification. Starting at 11,000 years ago in the western Arctic, there is a clear isotopic signal of Pacific-sourced nitrate and complete nitrate consumption associated with the flooding of the Bering Strait. These changes reveal that the strong stratification of the western Arctic relies on low-salinity inflow through the Bering Strait. In the central Arctic, nitrate consumption was complete during the early Holocene, then declined after 5,000 years ago as summer insolation decreased. This sequence suggests that precipitation and riverine freshwater fluxes control the stratification of the central Arctic Ocean. Based on these findings, ongoing warming will cause strong stratification to expand into the central Arctic, slowing the nutrient supply to surface waters and thus limiting future phytoplankton productivity.

scholarly journals New glacier evidence for ice-free summits during the life of the Tyrolean Iceman

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pascal Bohleber ◽  
Margit Schwikowski ◽  
Martin Stocker-Waldhuber ◽  
Ling Fang ◽  
Andrea Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Elevation Gradient ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Radiocarbon Age ◽  
Alpine Glaciers ◽  
The Alps ◽  
Tyrolean Iceman ◽  
High Elevations ◽  
Age Constraints

AbstractDetailed knowledge of Holocene climate and glaciers dynamics is essential for sustainable development in warming mountain regions. Yet information about Holocene glacier coverage in the Alps before the Little Ice Age stems mostly from studying advances of glacier tongues at lower elevations. Here we present a new approach to reconstructing past glacier low stands and ice-free conditions by assessing and dating the oldest ice preserved at high elevations. A previously unexplored ice dome at Weißseespitze summit (3500 m), near where the “Tyrolean Iceman” was found, offers almost ideal conditions for preserving the original ice formed at the site. The glaciological settings and state-of-the-art micro-radiocarbon age constraints indicate that the summit has been glaciated for about 5900 years. In combination with known maximum ages of other high Alpine glaciers, we present evidence for an elevation gradient of neoglaciation onset. It reveals that in the Alps only the highest elevation sites remained ice-covered throughout the Holocene. Just before the life of the Iceman, high Alpine summits were emerging from nearly ice-free conditions, during the start of a Mid-Holocene neoglaciation. We demonstrate that, under specific circumstances, the old ice at the base of high Alpine glaciers is a sensitive archive of glacier change. However, under current melt rates the archive at Weißseespitze and at similar locations will be lost within the next two decades.

scholarly journals Latin America in Global History: An Historiographic Overview

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (60) ◽  
pp. 253-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Olstein
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
New World ◽  
World History ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Global History ◽  
The World ◽  
Last Ice Age ◽  
Great Divergence

Abstract World history can be arranged into three major regional divergences: the 'Greatest Divergence' starting at the end of the last Ice Age (ca. 15,000 years ago) and isolating the Old and the New Worlds from one another till 1500; the 'Great Divergence' bifurcating the paths of Europe and Afro-Asia since 1500; and the 'American Divergence' which divided the fortunes of New World societies from 1500 onwards. Accordingly, all world regions have confronted two divergences: one disassociating the fates of the Old and New Worlds, and the other within either the Old or the New World. Latin America is in the uneasy position that in both divergences it ended up on the 'losing side.' As a result, a contentious historiography of Latin America evolved from the very moment that it was incorporated into the wider world. Three basic attitudes toward the place of Latin America in global history have since emerged and developed: admiration for the major impact that the emergence on Latin America on the world scene imprinted on global history; hostility and disdain over Latin America since it entered the world scene; direct rejection of and head on confrontation in reaction the former. This paper examines each of these three attitudes in five periods: the 'long sixteenth century' (1492-1650); the 'age of crisis' (1650-1780); 'the long nineteenth century' (1780-1914); 'the short twentieth century' (1914-1991); and 'contemporary globalization' (1991 onwards).

Evidence for a large surface ablation zone in central East Antarctica during the last Ice Age

2003 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin J. Siegert ◽  
Richard C. A. Hindmarsh ◽  
Gordon S. Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Ice Core ◽  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Internal Layers ◽  
Ice Flow ◽  
Glacial Ice ◽  
Ice Surface ◽  
Ice Flows ◽  
Last Ice Age ◽  
The Hill

AbstractInternal isochronous ice sheet layers, recorded by airborne ice-penetrating radar, were measured along an ice flowline across a large (>1 km high) subglacial hill in the foreground of the Transantarctic Mountains. The layers, dated through an existing stratigraphic link with the Vostok ice core, converge with the ice surface as ice flows over the hill without noticeable change to their separation with each other or the ice base. A two-dimensional ice flow model that calculates isochrons and particle flowpaths and accounts for ice flow over the hill under steady-state conditions requires net ablation (via sublimation) over the stoss face for the predicted isochrons to match the measured internal layers. Satellite remote sensing data show no sign of exposed ancient ice at this site, however. Given the lack of exposed glacial ice, surface balance conditions must have changed recently from the net ablation that is predicted at this site for the last 85,000 years to accumulation.

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