scholarly journals Impact of ethnic density on adult mental disorders: narrative review

2012 ◽  
Vol 201 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Shaw ◽  
Karl Atkin ◽  
Laia Bécares ◽  
Christo B. Albor ◽  
Mai Stafford ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Asian American ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
American People ◽  
Ethnic Density ◽  
Minority Adolescents ◽  
Multilevel Studies

BackgroundThe ‘ethnic density hypothesis' is a proposition that members of ethnic minority groups may have better mental health when they live in areas with higher proportions of people of the same ethnicity. Investigations into this hypothesis have resulted in a complex and sometimes disparate literature.AimsTo systematically identify relevant studies, summarise their findings and discuss potential explanations of the associations found between ethnic density and mental disorders.MethodA narrative review of studies published up to January 2011, identified through a systematic search strategy. Studies included have a defined ethnic minority sample; some measure of ethnic density defined at a geographical scale smaller than a nation or a US state; and a measure ascertaining mental health or disorder.ResultsA total of 34 papers from 29 data-sets were identified. Protective associations between ethnic density and diagnosis of mental disorders were most consistent in older US ecological studies of admission rates. Among more recent multilevel studies, there was some evidence of ethnic density being protective against depression and anxiety for African American people and Hispanic adults in the USA. However, Hispanic, Asian–American and Canadian ‘visible minority’ adolescents have higher levels of depression at higher ethnic densities. Studies in the UK showed mixed results, with evidence for protective associations most consistent for psychoses.ConclusionsThe most consistent associations with ethnic density are found for psychoses. Ethnic density may also protect against other mental disorders, but presently, as most studies of ethnic density have limited statistical power, and given the heterogeneity of their study designs, our conclusions can only be tentative.

Gender Nonbinary Mental Health

2020 ◽  
pp. 295-304
Author(s):  
Lore M. Dickey
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Native American ◽  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Global South ◽  
Additional Research ◽  
American People ◽  
Psychological Literature ◽  
Nonbinary Gender ◽  
And Training ◽  
Racial And Ethnic Minority

In this chapter the author explores the mental health of those with nonbinary gender identities and focuses on the issues they face. The author defines nonbinary identities and discusses how these identities are different than people who have binary identities. There is a summary of the extant psychological literature focusing on people with nonbinary identities. Attention is also brought to how racial and ethnic minority individuals, including Native American people, conceptualize nonbinary identities. The chapter ends with information about the lack of attention to the Global South and the need for additional research and training in the mental health of those with nonbinary identities.

scholarly journals Pacific models of mental health service delivery in New Zealand: Part I: What do we know about Pacific mental health in New Zealand? A narrative review

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-20
Author(s):  
Roger Mulder ◽  
Debbie Sorensen ◽  
Staverton Kautoke ◽  
Seini Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Psychotropic Drug ◽  
Service Use ◽  
Health Service Delivery ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Limited Evidence ◽  
Mental Health Service Delivery ◽  
Pacific People

Objective: To update measures of mental disorders and service use in Pacific people living in New Zealand. Method: A narrative review was conducted of available data on the prevalence of mental disorder, psychotropic drug prescribing and service use by Pacific people. Results: The 12-month prevalence of mental disorders in Pacific people was similar to European/Other in 2004. Currently Pacific people report high rates of psychological distress but lower levels of psychiatric disorders. Pacific adults have low rates of drinking but many who drink have a hazardous pattern. While Pacific people previously accessed services less than half the rate of European access, access rates in secondary care are now similar. Pacific people have relatively low rates of psychotropic drug use but these are increasing. Conclusion: There is limited evidence about Pacific people’s mental health in New Zealand. Patterns of psychopathology and service use may be different from other ethnic groups. Protective factors in Pacific culture should not be undermined when delivering mental health services.

Ethnic disparity in mental health legislation at the point of inpatient entry: pilot review in detained adolescents with developmental disorders

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah J. Morris ◽  
Elanor Lucy Webb ◽  
Lowri Foster-Davies ◽  
Paul M. Wallang ◽  
David Gibbs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Developmental Disorders ◽  
Developmental Disorder ◽  
Risk Measures ◽  
Ethnic Disparity ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Minority Adolescents ◽  
Adolescent Inpatient ◽  
The Impact

Purpose Ethical concerns about the use of the Mental Health Act (MHA) have led to calls for developmental disorders to be removed from the list of mental disorders for which individuals can be detained. In parallel, there are long-standing concerns of ethnic disparity in the application of the MHA. Nonetheless, the impact of the intersections of developmental disorder diagnosis, adolescence and ethnicity on the application of the MHA is unknown. This study aims to explore ethnic differences in MHA sections and the factors accounting for this, in an adolescent inpatient developmental disorder service. Design/methodology/approach File reviews were conducted to explore differences in MHA status, as well as demographic, clinical and risk factors that may account for this, between 39 white British and ethnic minority adolescents detained to a specialist inpatient developmental disorder service. Findings Consistent with adult literature, adolescents of an ethnic minority were overrepresented in the sample and were significantly more likely to be detained on Part III or “forensic” sections of the MHA than White British counterparts, with five times greater risk. Analyses revealed no significant differences between ethnic minority and white British participants on demographic variables, clinical needs, risk behaviours, risk measures nor application of restrictive practices and safeguarding procedures. Practical implications National audits exploring patterns of detention under the MHA across adolescent developmental disorder populations need to include analysis of intersections to ensure that the MHA is used as a means of last resort and in an equitable manner. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this paper is the first comprehensive exploration of the impact of ethnicity on detention patterns in ethnic minority and White British populations.

Why urban environments matter for refugee mental health

2019 ◽  
pp. 73-82
Author(s):  
Peter Schofield
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Social Deprivation ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Elevated Risk ◽  
Ethnic Density ◽  
Refugee Mental Health ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Economically Deprived

Refugees are at increased risk of mental disorders. This is increasingly attributed to the post-migration context in which they live, typically socio-economically deprived urban areas. In general, neighbourhood factors are relevant to mental health outcomes. There is now research showing that neighbourhood ethnic density is related to the incidence of psychosis and other mental disorders for ethnic minorities. One consequence of dispersal policies is that refugees are often placed in urban areas far from others from their country of origin, which is likely to affect their mental health. Refugees are more likely to be exposed to other neighbourhood factors shown to have adverse mental health consequences, e.g. high levels of social deprivation and low levels of social cohesion. The extent to which these factors might explain the elevated risk of mental disorders among refugees is still unknown and further research is needed.

Ethnic Minority-Majority Status and Mental Health: The Mediating Role of Perceived Discrimination

2011 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 243-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Cokley ◽  
Brittany Hall-Clark ◽  
Dana Hicks
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Asian Americans ◽  
Asian American ◽  
Perceived Discrimination ◽  
Latino Americans ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
European Americans ◽  
The Relationship

This study examines the role of perceived discrimination as a mediator of the relationship between ethnic minority-majority status and mental health in a sample of college students, of whom 246 were members of an ethnic minority (African American, Latino American, or Asian American) and 167 were European Americans. Ethnic minority students were significantly higher in perceived discrimination and significantly lower in mental health. African Americans were most likely to perceive racial discrimination, followed by Latino Americans, Asian Americans, and European Americans. Asian Americans reported the poorest mental health. Results of mediational analyses by ethnic status (minorities and majority) and across ethnic group pairings (Americans and European Americans, Latino Americans and European Americans, Asian Americans and European Americans) confirmed in every instance that perceived discrimination accounts for a modest part of the relationship between ethnic minority-majority status and mental health. We address the implications for mental health practice on college campuses.

Ethnic density of regions and psychiatric disorders among ethnic minority individuals

2017 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Daniel Emerson ◽  
Anita Minh ◽  
Martin Guhn
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Sense Of Community ◽  
Ethnic Density ◽  
Lower Odds ◽  
Mood And Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Community Belonging

Background: Ethnic minorities form an increasingly large proportion of Canada’s population. Living in areas of greater ethnic density may help protect mental health among ethnic minorities through psychosocial pathways such as accessibility to culturally appropriate provision of mental health care, less discrimination and a greater sense of belonging. Mood and anxiety disorders are common psychiatric disorders. Aim: This study examined whether ethnic density of regions was related to mood and anxiety disorders among ethnic minorities in Canada. Method: Responses by ethnic minority individuals to the 2011–2014 administrations of the Canadian Community Health Survey ( n =  33,201) were linked to health region ethnic density data. Multilevel logistic regression was employed to model the odds of having mood and/or anxiety disorders associated with increasing region-level ethnic density and to examine whether sense of community belonging helped explain variance in such associations. Analyses were adjusted for individual-level demographic factors as well as region-level socio-economic factors. Results: Higher ethnic density related to lower odds of mood and/or anxiety disorders for Canadian-born (but not foreign-born) ethnic minorities. Sense of community belonging did not help explain such associations, but independently related to lower odds of mood and/or anxiety disorders. These findings remained after adjusting for regional population density and after excluding (rural/remote) regions of very low ethnic density. Conclusion: Ethnic density of regions in Canada may be an important protective factor against mental illness among Canadian-born ethnic minorities. It is important to better understand how, and for which specific ethno-cultural groups, ethnic density may influence mental health.

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