Fluoxetine Efficacy vs Comparative Drugs: An Overview

1988 ◽  
Vol 153 (S3) ◽  
pp. 51-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malcolm Lader
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Tricyclic Antidepressants ◽  
Antipsychotic Agents ◽  
Synaptic Cleft ◽  
Endogenous Depression ◽  
Acute Effects ◽  
Anticholinergic Effects ◽  
The Past ◽  
Chronic Effects ◽  
Clinical Action

The tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) were discovered accidentally by pharmaceutical chemists seeking first, better antihistamines and then antipsychotic agents. Careful clinical assessment revealed the antidepressant properties and suggested that the closer the patient resembled the classical textbook description of ‘endogenous’ depression, the more likely was an adequate clinical response to occur (Kuhn, 1958). However, it was quickly realised that the TCAs possess a plethora of side-effects, particularly sedation and symptoms related to their anticholinergic effects.Despite much research over the past 25 years, it is unclear how TCAs effect clinical improvement. The two main neurotransmitters involved in some way are noradrenaline (Schildkraut, 1965) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT; serotonin; Van Praag, 1977). It was proposed that TCAs acted by blocking the reuptake of one or other or both of these neurotransmitters, thereby increasing their concentration in the synaptic cleft. However, as well as these acute effects, chronic effects, such as a decrease in the number of central beta-adrenoceptors (‘down-regulation’) occur, and these are probably more relevant to the clinical action.

scholarly journals Wendigo Psychosis

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 213-216
Author(s):  
Michalina Kolan ◽  
Kamil Leis ◽  
Aleksandra Baska ◽  
Jakub Kazik ◽  
Przemysław Gałązka
Keyword(s):  
Popular Culture ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Antipsychotic Drugs ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Antipsychotic Agents ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Folk Beliefs ◽  
The Past ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Internet Databases

Abstract Introduction: Wendigo psychosis is considered an endemic psychiatric disorder associated with culture. It manifests through compulsive, strong attacks of cannibalistic behaviors. It mainly concerns Algonquian: Cree tribes and people living in the Northern Ojibwa area. Material and methods: In our article, we have collected available publications on Wendigo’s psychosis. This area included Internet databases: PubMed and Google Scholar, from the first reports on the disease to the latest information. Due to culture-bound syndromes and the rarity of occurrence in the present time at work, we focused not only on symptoms, treatment or diagnosis, but also on historical and ethnographic features. Discussion: The first remarks on this disorder derive from the Powhatan dictionary which was used by the Algonquian tribe. In the 1960s there were 70 cases of the disease, but the available epidemiologic data is poor. There are many legends about the mythical creature Wendigo and its likeness is repeatedly used in popular culture. Most of the symptoms exhibited by those suffering from this dysfunction is related to famine and chronic loneliness, e.g. apathy, neurosis. Summary: The treatment of the psychosis in the past was based on folk beliefs, as well as homicide. Modern medicine offers a wide spectrum of antipsychotic drugs whose use is focused on the elimination of side effects. Pharmacotherapy consists in administering to the sick drugs from the group of benzodiazepines or antipsychotic agents of both the first and the second generation.

Fluorocarbon Precursor for High Aspect Ratio via Milling in Focused Ion Beam Modification of Integrated Circuits

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valery Ray
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Aspect Ratio ◽  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
High Aspect Ratio ◽  
Focused Ion Beam ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Enabling Technology ◽  
Si Substrate ◽  
Ion Beam Modification ◽  
The Past

Abstract Gas Assisted Etching (GAE) is the enabling technology for High Aspect Ratio (HAR) circuit access via milling in Focused Ion Beam (FIB) circuit modification. Metal interconnect layers of microelectronic Integrated Circuits (ICs) are separated by Inter-Layer Dielectric (ILD) materials, therefore HAR vias are typically milled in dielectrics. Most of the etching precursor gases presently available for GAE of dielectrics on commercial FIB systems, such as XeF2, Cl2, etc., are also effective etch enhancers for either Si, or/and some of the metals used in ICs. Therefore use of these precursors for via milling in dielectrics may lead to unwanted side effects, especially in a backside circuit edit approach. Making contacts to the polysilicon lines with traditional GAE precursors could also be difficult, if not impossible. Some of these precursors have a tendency to produce isotropic vias, especially in Si. It has been proposed in the past to use fluorocarbon gases as precursors for the FIB milling of dielectrics. Preliminary experimental evaluation of Trifluoroacetic (Perfluoroacetic) Acid (TFA, CF3COOH) as a possible etching precursor for the HAR via milling in the application to FIB modification of ICs demonstrated that highly enhanced anisotropic milling of SiO2 in HAR vias is possible. A via with 9:1 aspect ratio was milled with accurate endpoint on Si and without apparent damage to the underlying Si substrate.

Sending out Biased Signals: an Appropriate Proposition for Pain?

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Besserer-Offroy ◽  
P. Sarret
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Acute Pain ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Pain Treatment ◽  
Opioid Analgesics ◽  
Mu Opioid Receptor ◽  
Clinical Development ◽  
Mu Opioid ◽  
Development Stages ◽  
The Past

In the past few years, several biased ligands acting at the mu-opioid receptor were reported in the literature. These agonists are aimed at reducing pain while having fewer side effects than morphine, the gold standard of opioid analgesics. In this mini-review, we describe and discuss the recent advances in mu-biased ligands actually in preclinical and clinical development stages, including the latest U.S. Food and Drug Administration review of oliceridine, a biased mu-agonist for moderate to severe acute pain treatment developed by the company Trevena.

scholarly journals High dose antipsychotic polypharmacy and dopamine partial agonists - time to rethink guidelines?

2021 ◽  
pp. 026988112110264
Author(s):  
Gavin P Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Dopamine D2 Receptor ◽  
D2 Receptor ◽  
Receptor Site ◽  
Receptor Occupancy ◽  
Antipsychotic Agents ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Partial Agonists ◽  
Favourable Side Effect Profile ◽  
Different Characteristics

Guidelines for the treatment of schizophrenia limit the use of antipsychotic agents to clinically-established maximum doses. This acknowledges both the absence of additional efficacy of dopamine D2 receptor antagonists above a receptor occupancy threshold, and the increases in side effects that can occur at higher doses. These limits restrict the dosing of combinations of antipsychotics as they do single agents; drugs sharing the major antipsychotic mechanism of D2 receptor antagonism will act additively in blocking these receptors. Several newer antipsychotic drugs, including aripiprazole and cariprazine, act as partial agonists at the D2 receptor site and avoid action at several other receptors, effects at which are responsible for some non-dopaminergic adverse effects. This pharmacology imparts different characteristics to the drugs resulting often in a more favourable side effect profile. Their partial agonism, along with high affinities for the D2 receptor, also means that these drugs given adjunctively may in part replace, rather than enhance, the D2 antagonism of other antipsychotic agents. This can result in an improvement in certain side effects without loss of antipsychotic efficacy. This article makes the case for distinguishing the D2 partial agonists from antagonists in defining maximum doses of combined treatments, which would increase the options available to the prescriber, emphasising that pharmacological mechanisms need to be understood in identifying optimal treatments for psychotic illness.

THE ORIGINS OF MUSIC: INNATENESS, UNIQUENESS, AND EVOLUTION

2005 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOSH McDERMOTT ◽  
MARC HAUSER
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Music Perception ◽  
Comparative Psychology ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Adaptive Significance ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Relative Pitch ◽  
The Past ◽  
Evolution Of Music ◽  
Basic Features

THE ORIGINS and adaptive significance of music, long an elusive target, are now active topics of empirical study, with many interesting developments over the past few years. This article reviews research in anthropology, ethnomusicology, developmental and comparative psychology, neuropsychology, and neurophysiology that bears on questions concerning the origins and evolution of music. We focus on the hypothesis that music perception is constrained by innate, possibly human- and musicspecific principles of organization, as these are candidates for evolutionary explanations. We begin by discussing the distinct roles of different fields of inquiry in constraining claims about innateness and adaptation, and then proceed to review the available evidence. Although research on many of these topics is still in its infancy, at present there is converging evidence that a few basic features of music (relative pitch, the importance of the octave, intervals with simple ratios, tonality, and perhaps elementary musical preferences) are determined in part by innate constraints. At present, it is unclear how many of these constraints are uniquely human and specific to music. Many, however, are unlikely to be adaptations for music, but rather are probably side effects of more general-purpose mechanisms. We conclude by reiterating the significance of identifying processes that are innate, unique to humans, and specific to music, and highlight several possible directions for future research.

scholarly journals How the Lifestyle Leaders View and Manage Medications

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 611-612
Author(s):  
Taylor Patskanick ◽  
Julie Miller
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Medication Management ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Prescription Medication ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Prescription Medications ◽  
Over The Counter ◽  
Attitudes And Behaviors ◽  
The Past ◽  
Drug Companies

Abstract Medication management is an ongoing consideration for adults ages 85 and older, their caregivers, and healthcare providers. When asked about their attitudes and behaviors regarding medication management, over 73% of the Lifestyle Leaders reported taking 3+ prescription medications daily and managing their own medication regimes. 61.9% of participants had taken over-the-counter, non-prescription medication for pain over the past five years. When asked why some participants didn’t currently take prescription medications to manage pain, the most frequently-reported responses were: “I don’t feel that my pain warrants a prescription medication,” (19%, n=8), “I don’t want to deal with the side effects,” and “I don’t trust drug companies,” (9.5%, n=4, respectively). The Lifestyle Leaders reported they would be most likely to go to the internet (over their local pharmacist) to ask for advice about their medication(s). Meanwhile, 39% of Lifestyle Leaders would trust a robot to manage their medication(s) for them.

The Efficacy and Tolerability of Combined Antidepressant Treatment in Different Depressive Subgroups

1993 ◽  
Vol 162 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sinead O'brien ◽  
Patrick McKeon ◽  
Myra O'regan
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Orthostatic Hypotension ◽  
Antidepressant Treatment ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Endogenous Depression ◽  
Double Blind Study ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Global Improvement

Eighty patients admitted to hospital with major depression were randomly allocated to six weeks of treatment with tranylcypromine, amitriptyline, or tranylcypromine and amitriptyline in combination, in a double-blind study. Scores on the HRSD improved significantly in all three groups, but there were no differences between the three groups. Patients on tranylcypromine and amitriptyline combined improved more according to their self-ratings after six weeks, and response was earlier as measured by a clinical global improvement scale. Those with endogenous depression improved more than those with neurotic depression, irrespective of treatment group. Combined treatment was less well tolerated than single treatments and gave rise to more side-effects, although there was no serious toxicity. Orthostatic hypotension was observed more frequently in patients on combined treatment. This group also experienced a significant increase in weight and prolongation of the P-R interval on ECG.

Understanding and Improving U.S. Financial Sanctions

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer M. Harris ◽  
Robert B. Kahn
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Tools ◽  
The Past

This chapter uses the Iran and Russia cases to understand how modern U.S. financial sanctions operate (including how they interact with traditional tools of foreign policy) and how to better incorporate them into the United States’ standing arsenal of foreign policy tools. It does so by considering three broad sets of questions: First, how has the use of financial sanctions evolved over the past fifteen years? Second, what are the main ways in which financial sanctions impose costs on sanctioned countries? Finally, how should U.S. policymakers alter the use of financial sanctions to maximize their impact, sustain their strength, and minimize problematic side effects?

Leveraging BODIPY nanomaterials for enhanced tumor photothermal therapy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chong Ma ◽  
Tao Zhang ◽  
Zhigang Xie
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Photothermal Therapy ◽  
Tumor Treatment ◽  
The Past

In the past ten years, photothermal therapy (PTT) has attracted widespread attention in tumor treatment due to its non-invasiveness and little side effects. PTT utilize the heat produced by photothermal...

Treatment options in Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulus Rommer ◽  
Uwe K Zettl
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Neuromyelitis Optica ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders ◽  
The Past ◽  
Drug Classes ◽  
Spectrum Disorders

: There are few diseases with as many therapeutic advances in recent years as in multiple sclerosis. Nine different drug classes with more than a dozen approved therapies are now available. Similarly, there have been unimaginable advances in understanding neuromyelitis optica (now neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder [NMOSD]) over the past 15 years. Building on the knowledge gained, the first therapies have been approved in recent years. In this review, we aim to present all therapies approved for the treatment of MS or NMOSD. The different forms of application, different approval criteria and most important side effects will be presented. This work is intended for physicians who are interested in MS and NMOSD therapies and want to get a first overview and does not replace the respective guidelines of the regulatory authorities.

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