Colorectal Cancer Model of Health Disparities: Understanding Mortality Differences in Minority Populations

2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (14) ◽  
pp. 2179-2187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blase N. Polite ◽  
James J. Dignam ◽  
Olufunmilayo I. Olopade
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Tumor Biology ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Minority Populations ◽  
Stage At Diagnosis ◽  
Cancer Model ◽  
Appropriate Therapy ◽  
Research And Policy

African Americans are more likely to be diagnosed with and die as a result of colorectal cancer than white patients. This review briefly documents these differences and explores the factors that may contribute to advanced stage at diagnosis and reduced survival once African Americans are diagnosed with colorectal cancer. Attention is focused on what is known about the role of socioeconomic status, cancer screening, comorbidities and lifestyle factors, tumor biology and genetics, and the differences in the receipt of and benefit of appropriate therapy. Finally, areas of ongoing and future research and policy initiatives aimed at reducing disparities are discussed.

Under pressure: A systematic review of stress and its impact among graduate students

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seongkyung Cho ◽  
Christopher S Hayter
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Graduate Students ◽  
Social Development ◽  
Science Policy ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Journal Articles ◽  
Design And Implementation ◽  
Effective Interventions ◽  
Research And Policy

Abstract Despite increasing interest related to the role of graduate students in economic and social development, science policy scholars have overlooked the role of stress and its broader impact on the conduct of science. To motivate future empirical research, this study systematically reviews the literature on antecedents and impact of stress among graduate students, examining thirty-four journal articles published from 2000 to 2018. We find that not only do multiple definitions of stress exist, but also that scholars have neglected broader theoretical implications and comparative dimensions of the phenomenon. While this outcome can be explained partially by the paucity of different national and disciplinary perspectives, these factors nonetheless hinder the design and implementation of effective interventions that can help graduate students reduce and manage stress levels and thus improve the conduct of science. We introduce a conceptual model of our findings and discuss implications for future research and policy.

Towards an Access Paradigm in Innovation Law?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Leistner
Keyword(s):  
Public Interest ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Free Competition ◽  
Respective Role ◽  
Research Perspectives ◽  
Access Problems ◽  
Access Regulation ◽  
External Sector ◽  
Research And Policy

Abstract The article generally discusses today’s meaning of an access paradigm in innovation law. Starting from concrete examples of access problems, it examines future research perspectives and the respective role of an access paradigm in innovation law. This concerns inter alia the possibility of common principles for public interest exceptions, in particular exceptions in the interest of free competition, throughout the different IP rights, as well as a closer look at the possibility of IP-external, sector-specific access regulation and the principles which should guide such approaches in research and policy.

scholarly journals The Role of PDGFs and PDGFRs in Colorectal Cancer

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberta M. Manzat Saplacan ◽  
Loredana Balacescu ◽  
Claudia Gherman ◽  
Romeo I. Chira ◽  
Anca Craiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Growth Factors ◽  
Normal Tissue ◽  
Tumor Biology ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Colorectal Carcinogenesis ◽  
Invasion And Metastasis ◽  
Blood Vessel Formation ◽  
Cancer Grading

Introduction.Colorectal cancer (CRC) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Angiogenesis was reported as one important mechanism activated in colorectal carcinogenesis. Tumor microenvironment associated angiogenesis involves a large spectrum of signaling molecules and deciphering their role in colorectal carcinogenesis still represents a major challenge. The aim of our study is to point out the diagnosis and prediction role of PDGF family and their receptors in colorectal carcinogenesis.Material and Methods.A systematic search in Medline and PubMed for studies reporting the role of platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs) and their receptors (PDGFRs) in tumor biology related to CRC was made.Results.PDGFs are important growth factors for normal tissue growth and division, with an important role in blood vessel formation. PDGFs/PDGFRs signaling pathway has been demonstrated to be involved in angiogenesis mainly by targeting pericytes and vascular smooth muscle cells. High levels of PDGF-BB were reported in CRC patients compared to those with adenomas, while elevated levels of PDGFRα/βin the stroma of CRC patients were correlated with invasion and metastasis. Moreover, PDGF-AB and PDGF-C were correlated with early diagnosis, cancer grading, and metastatic disease.Conclusions.Both PDGFs and PDGFRs families play an important role in colorectal carcinogenesis and could be considered to be investigated as useful biomarkers both for diagnosis and treatment of CRC.

Conclusion

2020 ◽  
pp. 171-178
Author(s):  
Danilo Mandić
Keyword(s):  
Organized Crime ◽  
Political Action ◽  
Unique Feature ◽  
State Building ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Profound Impact ◽  
Dual Capacity ◽  
Research And Policy

This concluding chapter presents five propositions that may inform future research and policy. First, the temptation to reduce organized crime to an apolitical, nonagentic, or inconsequential factor has been overindulged. Second, differentiating mafias from governments and insurgents relieves a tired debate about torn states. Namely, is it opportunism or idealism? The answer is, both. Third, mafias' dual capacity to both disintegrate nations and promote state building is a unique feature that differentiates them from related “villainous” categories. Fourth, the role of organized crime in a torn state reveals nothing about the legitimacy of the nationalisms at play. Fifth, the fact of mafias' profound impact on torn states is never an apologia for gangsterism. But the potential of organized crime to promote multiethnic integration and state making should inspire creative political action that does not inherently treat mafias as problems.

scholarly journals Use of perioperative chemotherapy in colorectal cancer metastatic to the liver

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 301-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynn K Symonds ◽  
Stacey A Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Tumor Biology ◽  
Patient Treatment ◽  
Definitive Treatment ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Curative Intent ◽  
Liver Remnant ◽  
Ras Status ◽  
Colorectal Cancer Patients

Abstract A curative-intent approach may improve survival in carefully selected patients with oligometastatic colorectal cancer. Aggressive treatments are most frequently administered to patients with isolated liver metastasis, though they may be judiciously considered for other sites of metastasis. To be considered for curative intent with surgery, patients must have disease that can be definitively treated while leaving a sufficient functional liver remnant. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy may be used for upfront resectable disease as a test of tumor biology and/or for upfront unresectable disease to increase the likelihood of resectability (so-called ‘conversion’ chemotherapy). While conversion chemotherapy in this setting aims to improve survival, the choice of a regimen remains a complex and highly individualized decision. In this review, we discuss the role of RAS status, primary site, sidedness, and other clinical features that affect chemotherapy treatment selection as well as key factors of patients that guide individualized patient-treatment recommendations for colorectal-cancer patients being considered for definitive treatment with metastasectomy.

Conclusion: food charity in Europe

2020 ◽  
pp. 219-242
Author(s):  
Hannah Lambie-Mumford ◽  
Tiina Silvasti
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Welfare Provision ◽  
The Social ◽  
Food Charity ◽  
Research And Policy

This final chapter provides a comparative analysis of several key themes across the case studies. These are: the nature and scale of food charity in Europe; relationships between changes in welfare provision and the growth of food charity and the shifting role of charity more generally across the cases; the role of food supply in shaping food charity; and the social justice implications of changing welfare states and the growth of food charity. The chapter ends by setting out the implications of this evidence base for future research and policy analysis.

scholarly journals The Role of Stage at Diagnosis in Colorectal Cancer Black–White Survival Disparities: A Counterfactual Causal Inference Approach

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Valeri ◽  
Jarvis T. Chen ◽  
Xabier Garcia-Albeniz ◽  
Nancy Krieger ◽  
Tyler J. VanderWeele ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Causal Inference ◽  
Stage At Diagnosis
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