Conclusion

2020 ◽  
pp. 171-178
Author(s):  
Danilo Mandić
Keyword(s):  
Organized Crime ◽  
Political Action ◽  
Unique Feature ◽  
State Building ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Profound Impact ◽  
Dual Capacity ◽  
Research And Policy

This concluding chapter presents five propositions that may inform future research and policy. First, the temptation to reduce organized crime to an apolitical, nonagentic, or inconsequential factor has been overindulged. Second, differentiating mafias from governments and insurgents relieves a tired debate about torn states. Namely, is it opportunism or idealism? The answer is, both. Third, mafias' dual capacity to both disintegrate nations and promote state building is a unique feature that differentiates them from related “villainous” categories. Fourth, the role of organized crime in a torn state reveals nothing about the legitimacy of the nationalisms at play. Fifth, the fact of mafias' profound impact on torn states is never an apologia for gangsterism. But the potential of organized crime to promote multiethnic integration and state making should inspire creative political action that does not inherently treat mafias as problems.

Rethinking Intersections of Crime and Terrorism: Insights from Political Economies of Violence

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariya Y Omelicheva ◽  
Lawrence P Markowitz
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
Local Politics ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Post Cold War ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
State Participation ◽  
Terrorist Groups ◽  
Political Economies

Abstract The post–Cold War environment has ushered in an era of threats from terrorism, organized crime, and their intersections giving rise to the growing literature on the so-called crime–terror nexus. This article takes stock of this literature, assesses its accomplishments and limitations, and considers ways to deepen it conceptually, theoretically, and empirically. To challenge assumptions informing the crime–terror studies and suggest avenues for future research, the article draws on ideas from the scholarship on political economies of violence. These insights are used to probe the (1) non-state actors that form the crime–terror nexus, (2) conditions under which the nexus is likely to emerge, and (3) varied effects of criminal–terrorist intersections. The article emphasizes the ties of criminal and terrorist groups to local politics, society, and economy, and relationships of competition, rather than cooperation, which often characterize these ties. The conditions under which these groups operate cannot be understood without considering the role of the state in criminal–terrorist constellations. The structure of resource economies influences both the preferences of terrorist groups for crime and the consequences of terrorist–criminal convergence, which are also mediated by state participation in crime.

Under pressure: A systematic review of stress and its impact among graduate students

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seongkyung Cho ◽  
Christopher S Hayter
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Graduate Students ◽  
Social Development ◽  
Science Policy ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Journal Articles ◽  
Design And Implementation ◽  
Effective Interventions ◽  
Research And Policy

Abstract Despite increasing interest related to the role of graduate students in economic and social development, science policy scholars have overlooked the role of stress and its broader impact on the conduct of science. To motivate future empirical research, this study systematically reviews the literature on antecedents and impact of stress among graduate students, examining thirty-four journal articles published from 2000 to 2018. We find that not only do multiple definitions of stress exist, but also that scholars have neglected broader theoretical implications and comparative dimensions of the phenomenon. While this outcome can be explained partially by the paucity of different national and disciplinary perspectives, these factors nonetheless hinder the design and implementation of effective interventions that can help graduate students reduce and manage stress levels and thus improve the conduct of science. We introduce a conceptual model of our findings and discuss implications for future research and policy.

Towards an Access Paradigm in Innovation Law?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Leistner
Keyword(s):  
Public Interest ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Free Competition ◽  
Respective Role ◽  
Research Perspectives ◽  
Access Problems ◽  
Access Regulation ◽  
External Sector ◽  
Research And Policy

Abstract The article generally discusses today’s meaning of an access paradigm in innovation law. Starting from concrete examples of access problems, it examines future research perspectives and the respective role of an access paradigm in innovation law. This concerns inter alia the possibility of common principles for public interest exceptions, in particular exceptions in the interest of free competition, throughout the different IP rights, as well as a closer look at the possibility of IP-external, sector-specific access regulation and the principles which should guide such approaches in research and policy.

The Signaling Role of Politician Stock Ownership: Effects on Lobbying Intensity

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 2116-2141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason W. Ridge ◽  
Aaron D. Hill ◽  
Amy Ingram
Keyword(s):  
Political Action ◽  
Signaling Theory ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Stock Ownership ◽  
Majority Party ◽  
Legislative Agenda ◽  
Using Data

Adopting a signaling theory perspective, we argue that politician stock ownership sends signals of positive predispositions to firms, thereby alleviating some necessity for firms to emphasize lobbying expenditures to influence political action. Using data on congressional stock ownership, we find support for our arguments. We find that as the proportion of Congress owning stock in a firm increases, the firm decreases the intensity of lobbying. Furthermore, we find that the signals associated with stock-holding politicians with greater ability to affect the legislative agenda (i.e., affiliation with the majority party) relates to lobbying intensity. Our findings add to the literature on lobbying while also offering implications for practice and avenues for future research.

Organized crime and group-based ideology: The association between masculine honor and collective opposition against criminal organizations

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 799-812 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni A. Travaglino ◽  
Dominic Abrams ◽  
Georgina Randsley de Moura ◽  
Giuseppina Russo
Keyword(s):  
Organized Crime ◽  
Gang Membership ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Male Violence ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Criminal Organizations ◽  
Vicarious Shame

What is the role of culture in establishing young people’s pathways into gang membership? Italian criminal organizations (COs) exhibit adherence to codes of honor and masculinity, important values in the context where they originated. Here it is proposed that the embedding of these values at an individual level may lessen young people’s group-based opposition to such organizations, and indirectly, create a space in which such organizations can persist and recruit. In a study of young Southern Italians ( N = 176; Mage = 16.17), we found that those who endorsed ideological beliefs related to the honorableness of male violence reported lower intentions to engage in antimafia activities. Consistent with the hypothesized mechanisms, this relationship was mediated by more positive attitudes toward COs, and lower reported vicarious shame in relation to the activities of COs. Directions for future research and implications for research on gangs are discussed.

Respect for Human Rights as a Predictor of Arab Spring Intensity

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew D Hudson-Flege
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Arab Spring ◽  
Arab World ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Profound Impact ◽  
Physical Integrity ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
The Arab Spring ◽  
Research And Policy

The popular uprisings of the Arab Spring have had a profound impact in the Arab World and beyond, and numerous researchers and commentators have explored the causes of these events. The present study sought to build upon an empirical exploration of political, economic, and social predictive factors of Arab Spring intensity by incorporating measures of countries' respect for human rights. Ordinal regression analyses found that countries' scores on the Cingranelli-Richards (CIRI) Physical Integrity Rights Index in 2010 significantly predicted levels of unrest experienced during the Arab Spring, such that countries who demonstrated less respect for physical integrity human rights experienced higher levels of unrest during the Arab Spring. The implications for future research and policy are discussed.

Colorectal Cancer Model of Health Disparities: Understanding Mortality Differences in Minority Populations

2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (14) ◽  
pp. 2179-2187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blase N. Polite ◽  
James J. Dignam ◽  
Olufunmilayo I. Olopade
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Tumor Biology ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Minority Populations ◽  
Stage At Diagnosis ◽  
Cancer Model ◽  
Appropriate Therapy ◽  
Research And Policy

African Americans are more likely to be diagnosed with and die as a result of colorectal cancer than white patients. This review briefly documents these differences and explores the factors that may contribute to advanced stage at diagnosis and reduced survival once African Americans are diagnosed with colorectal cancer. Attention is focused on what is known about the role of socioeconomic status, cancer screening, comorbidities and lifestyle factors, tumor biology and genetics, and the differences in the receipt of and benefit of appropriate therapy. Finally, areas of ongoing and future research and policy initiatives aimed at reducing disparities are discussed.

Conclusion: food charity in Europe

2020 ◽  
pp. 219-242
Author(s):  
Hannah Lambie-Mumford ◽  
Tiina Silvasti
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Welfare Provision ◽  
The Social ◽  
Food Charity ◽  
Research And Policy

This final chapter provides a comparative analysis of several key themes across the case studies. These are: the nature and scale of food charity in Europe; relationships between changes in welfare provision and the growth of food charity and the shifting role of charity more generally across the cases; the role of food supply in shaping food charity; and the social justice implications of changing welfare states and the growth of food charity. The chapter ends by setting out the implications of this evidence base for future research and policy analysis.

scholarly journals After global governance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jürgen Neyer
Keyword(s):  
Technological Innovation ◽  
Global Governance ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
International Institutions ◽  
Political Action ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Disruptive Effect ◽  
Crucial Importance

AbstractTechnology is of crucial importance for understanding the recent crisis of global governance and concomitant practices of re-territorializing sovereignty. It is far more than an instrument for putting ideas and interests into practice; it is embedded in relationships of power, gives expression to normative decisions and shapes the conditions under which politics is conducted. Technology empowers some actors and disempowers others. It makes new forms of political action possible and others more costly. This crucial role of technology has been emphasized in many dispersed parts of the IR discourse since long. What has often been overlooked, however, is that technological innovation can have a disruptive effect on international institutions. This paper traces this disruptive effect in the administration of the internet by underlining the close nexus between technology, sovereignty and global governance. It finally discusses promising avenues for future research.

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