Reclaimed Wastewater Quality Criteria, Standards, and Guidelines

2020 ◽  
pp. 15-58
Author(s):  
Donald R. Rowe ◽  
Isam Mohammed Abdel-Magid
Keyword(s):  
Quality Criteria ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Quality ◽  
Standards And Guidelines

Establishment of Guidelines for Reclaimed Wastewater Quality Criteria

2005 ◽  
Vol 2005 (5) ◽  
pp. 767-775 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atsushi Tajima ◽  
Mizuhiko Minamiyama ◽  
Takashi Sakakibara ◽  
Jun Tsumori ◽  
Sei Kato
Keyword(s):  
Quality Criteria ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Quality

Wastewater Reclamation Technologies and Monitoring Techniques

1991 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. 173-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. Odendaal
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Quality Criteria ◽  
Digital Transmission ◽  
Visual Observation ◽  
Secondary Effluent ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Monitoring Techniques ◽  
Wastewater Quality ◽  
Activated Sludge Processes

The paper deals with technologies for the direct reuse of treated municipal wastewater. The choice of reclamation technologies is determined by the quality of the wastewater, quality criteria for the reuse applications, reliability, operational considerations and the extent of control over the total treatment sequence. Catchment quality control as well as flow and quality equalisation should be regarded as first steps and an integral part of reclamation technology. Biological treatment is of primary importance, and special attention is given to the benefits for reclamation of activated sludge processes with high sludge retention times, and to biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal. Further unit processes discussed are chemical coagulation and flocculation, solids separation, disinfection, activated carbon, reverse osmosis, stabilisation and sludge management. In discussing monitoring techniques, attention is given to instrumentation, analogue and digital transmission, flow measurement, continuous measurement of selected parameters, sampling, maintenance, visual observation, and biomonitoring. In the conclusion, examples are given of various applications of using secondary effluent with little or no tertiary treatment, and the point made that considerable impact on the conservation of water supplies can be made without resorting to complicated and expensive technology.

How partial nitrification could improve reclaimed wastewater transport in long pipes

2001 ◽  
Vol 43 (10) ◽  
pp. 133-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Delgado ◽  
M. Álvarez ◽  
L. E. Rodríguez-Gômez ◽  
S. Elmaleh ◽  
E. Aguiar
Keyword(s):  
Nitrification Rate ◽  
Nitrogen Compounds ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
First Order ◽  
Wastewater Disinfection ◽  
Nitrification Process ◽  
Wastewater Quality ◽  
Reuse System ◽  
Water Saturated ◽  
Denitrification Process

Reclaimed wastewater transport is studied in a concrete-lined cast iron pipe, where a nitrification-denitrification process occurs. The pipe is part of the Reuse System of Reclaimed Wastewater of South Tenerife (Spain), 0.6 m in diameter and 61 km long. In order to improve wastewater quality, at 10 km from the inlet there is injection of fresh water saturated in dissolved oxygen (DO), after which a fast nitrification process usually appears (less than two hours of space time). The amount of oxidized nitrogen compounds produced varies between 0.8 and 4.4 mg/l NOX--N. When DO has disappeared, a denitrification process begins. The removal of nitrite is complete at the end of the pipe, whereas the nitrate does not disappear completely, leaving a concentration of about 0.4-0.5 mg/l. For a COD/NOX--N ratio higher than 5, a first order nitrification rate in NOX--N has resulted, with the constant k20 = 0.079 h-1, for a NOX--N concentration range of 0.8-4.4 mg/l. Finally the following temperature dependency for the first order denitrification rate constant has been found : k = k20.1×15T-20. Although nitrogen could be used as nutrient in the agricultural reuse, its removal from reclaimed wastewater could be useful in order to diminish the chlorine needs for reclaimed wastewater disinfection.

Use of Reclaimed Wastewater for Ornamental and Recreational Purposes

1991 ◽  
Vol 23 (10-12) ◽  
pp. 2109-2117 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Ohgaki ◽  
K. Sato
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Quality Criteria ◽  
Water Quality Criteria ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
Tokyo Metropolitan Area ◽  
Clean Environment ◽  
Operation Techniques ◽  
Precious Resource

Although Japan is not arid area, water for a clean environment in the heavily urbanized area is a scarce and precious resource. Several projects involving ornamental and recreational reuse using reclaimed wastewater have been practiced in Japan. The wastewater reuse only for ornamental purpose holds a unique position in water reuse techniques in the world. A guideline manual for ornamental and recreational reuse which has been examined by Ministry of Construction, Japan, is described with the water quality criteria for two categories of reuse mode, recreational reuse with close contact and ornamental reuse for scenery. The facilities, the management and operation techniques, and the benefit to the public of ornamental reuse system are illustrated and discussed by reference to a project (design flowrate 43,200 m3/d) for restoring live streams in Tokyo Metropolitan area.

scholarly journals Designing an Herbarium Digitisation Workflow with Built-In Image Quality Management

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abraham Nieva de la Hidalga ◽  
Paul Rosin ◽  
Xianfang Sun ◽  
Ann Bogaerts ◽  
Niko De Meeter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Image Quality ◽  
Modular Design ◽  
Image Quality Assessment ◽  
Digital Images ◽  
Quality Criteria ◽  
Audit Trail ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Strong Focus ◽  
Standards And Guidelines

Digitisation of natural history collections has evolved from creating databases for the recording of specimens’ catalogue and label data to include digital images of specimens. This has been driven by several important factors, such as a need to increase global accessibility to specimens and to preserve the original specimens by limiting their manual handling. The size of the collections pointed to the need of high throughput digitisation workflows. However, digital imaging of large numbers of fragile specimens is an expensive and time-consuming process that should be performed only once. To achieve this, the digital images produced need to be useful for the largest set of applications possible and have a potentially unlimited shelf life. The constraints on digitisation speed need to be balanced against the applicability and longevity of the images, which, in turn, depend directly on the quality of those images. As a result, the quality criteria that specimen images need to fulfil influence the design, implementation and execution of digitisation workflows. Different standards and guidelines for producing quality research images from specimens have been proposed; however, their actual adaptation to suit the needs of different types of specimens requires further analysis. This paper presents the digitisation workflow implemented by Meise Botanic Garden (MBG). This workflow is relevant because of its modular design, its strong focus on image quality assessment, its flexibility that allows combining in-house and outsourced digitisation, processing, preservation and publishing facilities and its capacity to evolve for integrating alternative components from different sources. The design and operation of the digitisation workflow is provided to showcase how it was derived, with particular attention to the built-in audit trail within the workflow, which ensures the scalable production of high-quality specimen images and how this audit trail ensures that new modules do not affect either the speed of imaging or the quality of the images produced.

The effect of reclaimed wastewater on the quality and growth of grapevines

2008 ◽  
Vol 57 (9) ◽  
pp. 1445-1450 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. G. Mendoza-Espinosa ◽  
A. Cabello-Pasini ◽  
V. Macias-Carranza ◽  
W. Daessle-Heuser ◽  
M. V. Orozco-Borbón ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
Wine Production ◽  
Indirect Contact ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
The Public ◽  
Economical Analysis ◽  
Wastewater Quality ◽  
The Cost

The effect of the use of treated wastewater on the growth of cabernet sauvignon and merlot grapes from the Guadalupe Valley, Mexico was evaluated. Secondary advanced effluent was used to irrigate the grapevines at a rate of 66 L/vine/week. Wastewater quality results confirmed that all parameters complied with Mexican legislation for crop irrigation as well as reuse in activities in which the public would be in direct or indirect contact with the reclaimed water. Results showed that the number of leaves per shoot and the overall biomass increased in plants irrigated with wastewater and grape production per plant was 20% higher. The concentration of carbohydrates, organic acids and pH were similar in grapes from vines irrigated with wastewater to those irrigated with groundwater. Throughout the experiment, no fecal coliform bacteria were detected in the cultivated grapes. The wastewater caused an increase in the biomass of the grapevines and there was no presence of microbial indicators in the final product so a higher wine production could be achieved without an increase in health risk related problems. If 200 L/s of reclaimed wastewater would be returned to be used for grapevine irrigation in Valle de Guadalupe (the same amount that is currently being sent as drinking water to Ensenada), assuming an irrigation application of 6,000–7.500 m3/ha/year, approximately 837–1046 hectares (ha) of grapevines could be irrigated. Part of ongoing research includes an economical analysis of the best options for Ensenada and the Valle de Guadalupe in order to establish the optimum volume of water to be returned, the cost of its transportation, as well as the cost of irrigation.

A conceptual framework for the quality evaluation of sustainability reports

2014 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Freundlieb ◽  
Matthias Gräuler ◽  
Frank Teuteberg
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Quality Evaluation ◽  
Quality Criteria ◽  
Sustainability Reporting ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Standards And Guidelines ◽  
Sustainability Reports ◽  
Multi Method Approach ◽  
Method Approach

Purpose – This paper aims to outline a conceptual framework for the quality evaluation of web-based sustainability reports (SRs) aiding managers in determining and evaluating quality criteria for the sustainability report of their company. Design/methodology/approach – The paper reviews quality criteria in existing standards and guidelines on sustainability reporting and identifies research gaps. A conceptual framework including a multi-method approach for the quality evaluation of SRs is developed and evaluated. Findings – Existing standards and guidelines on sustainability reporting mainly focus on the content of the reports and neglect common information systems (IS) acceptance criteria such as ease of use and visual appeal. The proposed framework directly involves different stakeholder groups and research methodologies into the quality evaluation process. Research limitations/implications – The limitations of the research approach offer a number of starting points for future research. The proposed framework needs to be further evaluated by a larger number of test users in a more natural use setting. Practical implications – The application of a multi-method approach as well as the direct involvement of the stakeholders allows for an in-depth quality evaluation of SRs, enabling reporting companies to meet the readers' demand for information on economic, environmental and social activities of the reporting company. Common acceptance factors from the field of IS should be integrated into existing standards and guidelines on sustainability reporting. Coaching of the users through help functions, wizards, instructional videos or avatars is desirable. Originality/value – The proposed framework applies innovative technologies such as eye-tracking and software-supported attention analysis. By applying the framework to a set of sample reports, its usefulness and applicability are demonstrated.

scholarly journals Digital research data: from analysis of existing standards to a scientific foundation for a modular metadata schema in nanosafety

2022 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Elberskirch ◽  
Kunigunde Binder ◽  
Norbert Riefler ◽  
Adriana Sofranko ◽  
Julia Liebing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Criteria ◽  
General Information ◽  
Daily Routine ◽  
Minimum Information ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Regulatory Guidelines ◽  
Standards And Guidelines ◽  
Alternative Testing ◽  
Material Information

Abstract Background Assessing the safety of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) is an interdisciplinary and complex process producing huge amounts of information and data. To make such data and metadata reusable for researchers, manufacturers, and regulatory authorities, there is an urgent need to record and provide this information in a structured, harmonized, and digitized way. Results This study aimed to identify appropriate description standards and quality criteria for the special use in nanosafety. There are many existing standards and guidelines designed for collecting data and metadata, ranging from regulatory guidelines to specific databases. Most of them are incomplete or not specifically designed for ENM research. However, by merging the content of several existing standards and guidelines, a basic catalogue of descriptive information and quality criteria was generated. In an iterative process, our interdisciplinary team identified deficits and added missing information into a comprehensive schema. Subsequently, this overview was externally evaluated by a panel of experts during a workshop. This whole process resulted in a minimum information table (MIT), specifying necessary minimum information to be provided along with experimental results on effects of ENMs in the biological context in a flexible and modular manner. The MIT is divided into six modules: general information, material information, biological model information, exposure information, endpoint read out information and analysis and statistics. These modules are further partitioned into module subdivisions serving to include more detailed information. A comparison with existing ontologies, which also aim to electronically collect data and metadata on nanosafety studies, showed that the newly developed MIT exhibits a higher level of detail compared to those existing schemas, making it more usable to prevent gaps in the communication of information. Conclusion Implementing the requirements of the MIT into e.g., electronic lab notebooks (ELNs) would make the collection of all necessary data and metadata a daily routine and thereby would improve the reproducibility and reusability of experiments. Furthermore, this approach is particularly beneficial regarding the rapidly expanding developments and applications of novel non-animal alternative testing methods.

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