Use of Reclaimed Wastewater for Ornamental and Recreational Purposes

1991 ◽  
Vol 23 (10-12) ◽  
pp. 2109-2117 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Ohgaki ◽  
K. Sato
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Quality Criteria ◽  
Water Quality Criteria ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
Tokyo Metropolitan Area ◽  
Clean Environment ◽  
Operation Techniques ◽  
Precious Resource

Although Japan is not arid area, water for a clean environment in the heavily urbanized area is a scarce and precious resource. Several projects involving ornamental and recreational reuse using reclaimed wastewater have been practiced in Japan. The wastewater reuse only for ornamental purpose holds a unique position in water reuse techniques in the world. A guideline manual for ornamental and recreational reuse which has been examined by Ministry of Construction, Japan, is described with the water quality criteria for two categories of reuse mode, recreational reuse with close contact and ornamental reuse for scenery. The facilities, the management and operation techniques, and the benefit to the public of ornamental reuse system are illustrated and discussed by reference to a project (design flowrate 43,200 m3/d) for restoring live streams in Tokyo Metropolitan area.

Wastewater Reuse for River Recovery in Semi-Arid Israel

1999 ◽  
Vol 40 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 43-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo Juanico ◽  
Eran Friedler
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Quality Management ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Water Quality Management ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
Pollution Impacts ◽  
Semi Arid

Most of the water has been captured in the rivers of Israel and they have turned into dry river-beds which deliver only sporadic winter floods. In a semi-arid country where literally every drop of water is used, reclaimed wastewater is the most feasible water source for river recovery. Two topics are addressed in this paper: water quality management in rivers where most of the flowing water is treated wastewater, and the allocations of reclaimed wastewater required for the recovery of rivers and streams. Water quality management must consider that the main source of water to the river has a pollution loading which reduces its capability to absorb other pollution impacts. The allocation of treated wastewater for the revival of rivers may not affect negatively the water balance of the region; it may eventually improve it. An upstream bruto allocation of 122 MCM/year of wastewater for the recovery of 14 rivers in Israel may favor downstream reuse of this wastewater, resulting in a small neto allocation and in an increase of the water resources available to the country. The discharge of effluents upstream to revive the river followed by their re-capture downstream for irrigation, implies a further stage in the intensification of water reuse.

scholarly journals Review of water quality criteria for water reuse and risk-based implications for irrigated produce under the FDA Food Safety Modernization Act, produce safety rule

2019 ◽  
Vol 172 ◽  
pp. 616-629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Channah M. Rock ◽  
Natalie Brassill ◽  
Jessica L. Dery ◽  
Dametreea Carr ◽  
Jean E. McLain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Food Safety ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Quality Criteria ◽  
Water Quality Criteria ◽  
Produce Safety ◽  
Safety Rule

scholarly journals Responsible Water Reuse Needs an Interdisciplinary Approach to Balance Risks and Benefits

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1264
Author(s):  
Milou Dingemans ◽  
Patrick Smeets ◽  
Gertjan Medema ◽  
Jos Frijns ◽  
Klaasjan Raat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Span Of Control ◽  
Case Examples ◽  
Codes Of Practice ◽  
Agriculture Industry ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Precious Resource ◽  
Proposed Regulation

Freshwater is a precious resource, and shortages can lead to water stress, impacting agriculture, industry, and other sectors. Wastewater reuse is increasingly considered as an opportunity to meet the freshwater demand. Legislative frameworks are under development to support the responsible reuse of wastewater, i.e., to balance benefits and risks. In an evaluation of the proposed European regulation for water reuse, we concluded that the proposed regulation is not practically feasible, as the water provider alone is responsible for the risk assessment and management, even beyond their span of control. The required knowledge and resources are extensive. Therefore, without clear guidance for implementation, the regulation would hinder implementation of reuse programs. As a consequence, the current practice of uncontrolled, unintentional, and indirect reuse continues, including related risks and inefficiency. Therefore, we provide an outline of the interdisciplinary approach required to design and achieve safe, responsible water reuse. Responsible water reuse requires knowledge of water demand and availability, quality and health, technology, and governance for the various types of application. Through this paper we want to provide a starting point for an interdisciplinary agenda to compile and generate knowledge (databases), approaches, guidelines, case examples, codes of practice, and legislation to help bring responsible water reuse into practice.

Reclaimed wastewater quality enhancement by oxygen injection during transportation

2011 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 641-648 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. Rodríguez-Gómez ◽  
M. Álvarez ◽  
J. Rodríguez-Sevilla ◽  
M. C. Marrero ◽  
A. Hernández
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Injection System ◽  
Nitrite Accumulation ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
Oxygen Injection

In-sewer treatments have been studied in sewer systems, but few have been carried out on reclaimed wastewater systems. A study of oxygen injection has been performed in a completely filled gravity pipe, 0.6 m in diameter and 62 km long, in cast iron with concrete inside coating, which is part of the reclaimed wastewater reuse scheme of Tenerife (Spain). A high pressure oxygen injection system was installed at 16.0 km from pipe inlet and a constant dosage of 30 mg/L O2 has been injected during six months, under three different operational modes (low COD, 63 mg/L; high COD, 91 mg/L; and partially nitrified water). Oxygen has been consumed in nitrification and organic matter reduction. Generally, nitrification is clearly favored instead of the organic matter oxidation. Nitrification occurs, in general, with nitrite accumulation due to the presence of free ammonia above 1 mg/L. Denitrification is in all cases incomplete due to a limitation of easily biodegradable organic matter content, inhibiting the appearance of anaerobic conditions and sulfide generation. A notable reduction of organic matter parameters is achieved (TSS below 10 mg/L), which is significantly higher than that observed under the ordinary transport conditions without oxygen. This leads to a final cost reduction, and the oxygen injection system helps water reuse managers to maintain a final good water quality in the case of a treatment plant malfunction.

Wastewater reuse in Tunisia: assessing a national policy

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (10-11) ◽  
pp. 87-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akissa Bahri ◽  
Francois Brissaud
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Irrigation Season ◽  
Golf Courses ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
Secondary Effluents ◽  
Irrigated Crops ◽  
Green Belts

An ambitious national wastewater reuse policy was launched at the beginning of the eighties in Tunisia. The area currently equipped for irrigation with reclaimed wastewater, mainly secondary effluents, is 6,500 hectares. It is planned to expand this area to more than 20,000 ha in the next years. The rate of reclaimed water reuse, 15% of the available water, is still low compared to the potential. Irrigation is practiced only six months per year; reclaimed water is not stored during the non irrigation season. Shifting from rainfed to wastewater irrigated crops is a progressive process. Irrigated schemes surveys point out that wastewater reuse development is hampered by crop restrictions more than by supply drawbacks. As a result, disinfecting secondary effluents in order to remove restrictions on water reuse is contemplated. Storing reclaimed water, in reservoirs or aquifers, would lead to more reliable supplies, water quality improvement and an increase in the rate of reuse. Developing the irrigation of golf courses, green belts and hotel gardens should be a convenient policy in tourist areas.

Water from (waste)water – the dependable water resource (The 2001 Stockholm Water Prize Laureate Lecture)

2002 ◽  
Vol 45 (8) ◽  
pp. 23-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Asano
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Resource ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Quality Criteria ◽  
Water Quality Criteria ◽  
Water Reclamation ◽  
Dependable Water

Water reclamation and reuse provides a unique and viable opportunity to augment traditional water supplies. As a multi-disciplined and important element of water resources development and management, water reuse can help to close the loop between water supply and wastewater disposal. Effective water reuse requires integration of water and reclaimed water supply functions. The successful development of this dependable water resource depends upon close examination and synthesis of elements from infrastructure and facilities planning, wastewater treatment plant siting, treatment process reliability, economic and financial analyses, and water utility management. In this paper, fundamental concepts of water reuse are discussed including definitions, historical developments, the role of water recycling in the hydrologic cycle, categories of water reuse, water quality criteria and regulatory requirements, and technological innovations for the safe use of reclaimed water. The paper emphasizes the integration of this alternative water supply into water resources planning, and the emergence of modern water reclamation and reuse practices from wastewater to reclaimed water to repurified water.

Potential and Present Wastewater Reuse in Jordan

1992 ◽  
Vol 26 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 1573-1581 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Gur ◽  
S. S. Al Salem
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Quality Characteristics ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
Treated Effluent ◽  
Environmentally Sound ◽  
Year 2000 ◽  
Resource Capacity ◽  
Wastewater Effluents

Reclaimed wastewater must be considered as an important component of the water budget in Jordan where water resources are rather limited. It has been estimated that wastewater effluents will amount to about 50% of the water deficit that is anticipated by the year 2000. This constitutes about 23% of the total renewable groundwater resource capacity. Quality characteristics of wastewater effluents from different treatment plants and other sources are presented. Review of institutional and legal aspects of water reuse is recommended toward encouraging treated effluent reuse. Outlines for a new reuse strategy have been suggested to ensure that wastewater reuse projects are operationally sustainable and environmentally sound.

scholarly journals Analysis of Barriers and Opportunities for Reclaimed Wastewater Use for Agriculture in Europe

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 2308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrique Mesa-Pérez ◽  
Julio Berbel
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
Perceptions And Attitudes ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Strategic Role ◽  
Irrigated Crops ◽  
Barriers And Opportunities

This paper presents an analysis of the perception regarding reclaimed wastewater reuse in agriculture conducted in the European Union regions. The analysis is based upon a SWOT framework and applies a cluster analysis to reduce the dimension of the responses enabling an assessment of the different perceptions of water reuse. More than one hundred key actors identified among the regions participated in the evaluation of the relevance of aspects identified. The results indicate some groups of countries according to natural conditions (water scarcity) and the strategic role of agriculture as a key factor to determine agent’s perceptions and attitudes. The results indicate that the forthcoming EU regulation of water reuse should focus in the problems of the perceived high cost of reclaimed water for farmers and the sanitary risk perception for irrigated crops by consumers as the critical points for fostering the use of reclaimed water in agriculture and the need for regional implementation of the global regulatory framework.

scholarly journals Wastewater reuse in Turkey: from present status to future potential

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bilgehan Nas ◽  
Sinan Uyanik ◽  
Ahmet Aygün ◽  
Selim Doğan ◽  
Gürsel Erul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Present Status ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
Regulatory Changes ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
The Status ◽  
Future Potential

Abstract The Ministry of Environment and Urbanization (MoEU) initiated an important project, ‘Reuse of Treated Wastewater in Turkey’, in 2017. With this project, all wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were investigated to determine wastewater reuse purposes for the first time. The results obtained from this project were that although there are 1,015 existing WWTPs, only 15 of them realized wastewater reuse. In 2017, the total volume of reused treated wastewater in Turkey amounted to 29.6 million m3/year, accounting for 0.78% of the treated urban wastewater. With the present water potential and sectoral water use rates, Turkey should make key administrative and technical regulations in the coming years for water reuse. This paper aims to give an overview of wastewater reuse activities from present status to future potential in Turkey and the opportunities and challenges in expanding water reuse. The status of WWTPs, treatment processes and their compliance with the WWTPs where reuse is carried out in Turkey are evaluated in this study. The realization of the planned goals and challenges are discussed after regulatory changes in Turkey for reclaimed wastewater and reuse targets for 2023.

A Review of Water Reuse and Recycling, with Reference to Canadian Practice and Potential: 1. Incentives and Implementation

2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsten Exall ◽  
Jiri Marsalek ◽  
Karl Schaefer
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Quality Criteria ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Water Quality Criteria ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Quality Water ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract As a country on the whole, Canada enjoys abundant freshwater resources, yet there remain regions with severe discrepancies between supply and demand. One solution to insufficient water supplies that has been gaining in popularity in other areas of the world is that of water reuse. Reuse or recycling of treated wastewater reduces effluent discharges into receiving waters and offers a reliable alternative supply of water for applications that do not require high-quality water, freeing up limited potable water resources. As compared to other countries worldwide, water reuse is currently practised infrequently in Canada. Use of reclaimed water requires a clear definition of the quality of water required, and while water quality criteria typically focus on pathogen risk to human health, chemical contaminants may also limit suitability for some reuse applications. Both health and environmental risk assessments are important steps in designing criteria for reuse projects. Alberta and British Columbia have recently produced guidance documents for water reuse projects; the permitted applications are discussed and the water quality criteria are compared with other standards and guidelines. Various treatment technologies for on-site and central wastewater reclamation facilities are described. Additional considerations for implementation of water reuse projects include project feasibility and planning, infrastructure needs, economics, and public acceptance.

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