Establishment of Guidelines for Reclaimed Wastewater Quality Criteria

2005 ◽  
Vol 2005 (5) ◽  
pp. 767-775 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atsushi Tajima ◽  
Mizuhiko Minamiyama ◽  
Takashi Sakakibara ◽  
Jun Tsumori ◽  
Sei Kato
Keyword(s):  
Quality Criteria ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Quality

Wastewater Reclamation Technologies and Monitoring Techniques

1991 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. 173-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. Odendaal
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Quality Criteria ◽  
Digital Transmission ◽  
Visual Observation ◽  
Secondary Effluent ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Monitoring Techniques ◽  
Wastewater Quality ◽  
Activated Sludge Processes

The paper deals with technologies for the direct reuse of treated municipal wastewater. The choice of reclamation technologies is determined by the quality of the wastewater, quality criteria for the reuse applications, reliability, operational considerations and the extent of control over the total treatment sequence. Catchment quality control as well as flow and quality equalisation should be regarded as first steps and an integral part of reclamation technology. Biological treatment is of primary importance, and special attention is given to the benefits for reclamation of activated sludge processes with high sludge retention times, and to biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal. Further unit processes discussed are chemical coagulation and flocculation, solids separation, disinfection, activated carbon, reverse osmosis, stabilisation and sludge management. In discussing monitoring techniques, attention is given to instrumentation, analogue and digital transmission, flow measurement, continuous measurement of selected parameters, sampling, maintenance, visual observation, and biomonitoring. In the conclusion, examples are given of various applications of using secondary effluent with little or no tertiary treatment, and the point made that considerable impact on the conservation of water supplies can be made without resorting to complicated and expensive technology.

How partial nitrification could improve reclaimed wastewater transport in long pipes

2001 ◽  
Vol 43 (10) ◽  
pp. 133-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Delgado ◽  
M. Álvarez ◽  
L. E. Rodríguez-Gômez ◽  
S. Elmaleh ◽  
E. Aguiar
Keyword(s):  
Nitrification Rate ◽  
Nitrogen Compounds ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
First Order ◽  
Wastewater Disinfection ◽  
Nitrification Process ◽  
Wastewater Quality ◽  
Reuse System ◽  
Water Saturated ◽  
Denitrification Process

Reclaimed wastewater transport is studied in a concrete-lined cast iron pipe, where a nitrification-denitrification process occurs. The pipe is part of the Reuse System of Reclaimed Wastewater of South Tenerife (Spain), 0.6 m in diameter and 61 km long. In order to improve wastewater quality, at 10 km from the inlet there is injection of fresh water saturated in dissolved oxygen (DO), after which a fast nitrification process usually appears (less than two hours of space time). The amount of oxidized nitrogen compounds produced varies between 0.8 and 4.4 mg/l NOX--N. When DO has disappeared, a denitrification process begins. The removal of nitrite is complete at the end of the pipe, whereas the nitrate does not disappear completely, leaving a concentration of about 0.4-0.5 mg/l. For a COD/NOX--N ratio higher than 5, a first order nitrification rate in NOX--N has resulted, with the constant k20 = 0.079 h-1, for a NOX--N concentration range of 0.8-4.4 mg/l. Finally the following temperature dependency for the first order denitrification rate constant has been found : k = k20.1×15T-20. Although nitrogen could be used as nutrient in the agricultural reuse, its removal from reclaimed wastewater could be useful in order to diminish the chlorine needs for reclaimed wastewater disinfection.

Use of Reclaimed Wastewater for Ornamental and Recreational Purposes

1991 ◽  
Vol 23 (10-12) ◽  
pp. 2109-2117 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Ohgaki ◽  
K. Sato
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Quality Criteria ◽  
Water Quality Criteria ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
Tokyo Metropolitan Area ◽  
Clean Environment ◽  
Operation Techniques ◽  
Precious Resource

Although Japan is not arid area, water for a clean environment in the heavily urbanized area is a scarce and precious resource. Several projects involving ornamental and recreational reuse using reclaimed wastewater have been practiced in Japan. The wastewater reuse only for ornamental purpose holds a unique position in water reuse techniques in the world. A guideline manual for ornamental and recreational reuse which has been examined by Ministry of Construction, Japan, is described with the water quality criteria for two categories of reuse mode, recreational reuse with close contact and ornamental reuse for scenery. The facilities, the management and operation techniques, and the benefit to the public of ornamental reuse system are illustrated and discussed by reference to a project (design flowrate 43,200 m3/d) for restoring live streams in Tokyo Metropolitan area.

The effect of reclaimed wastewater on the quality and growth of grapevines

2008 ◽  
Vol 57 (9) ◽  
pp. 1445-1450 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. G. Mendoza-Espinosa ◽  
A. Cabello-Pasini ◽  
V. Macias-Carranza ◽  
W. Daessle-Heuser ◽  
M. V. Orozco-Borbón ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
Wine Production ◽  
Indirect Contact ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
The Public ◽  
Economical Analysis ◽  
Wastewater Quality ◽  
The Cost

The effect of the use of treated wastewater on the growth of cabernet sauvignon and merlot grapes from the Guadalupe Valley, Mexico was evaluated. Secondary advanced effluent was used to irrigate the grapevines at a rate of 66 L/vine/week. Wastewater quality results confirmed that all parameters complied with Mexican legislation for crop irrigation as well as reuse in activities in which the public would be in direct or indirect contact with the reclaimed water. Results showed that the number of leaves per shoot and the overall biomass increased in plants irrigated with wastewater and grape production per plant was 20% higher. The concentration of carbohydrates, organic acids and pH were similar in grapes from vines irrigated with wastewater to those irrigated with groundwater. Throughout the experiment, no fecal coliform bacteria were detected in the cultivated grapes. The wastewater caused an increase in the biomass of the grapevines and there was no presence of microbial indicators in the final product so a higher wine production could be achieved without an increase in health risk related problems. If 200 L/s of reclaimed wastewater would be returned to be used for grapevine irrigation in Valle de Guadalupe (the same amount that is currently being sent as drinking water to Ensenada), assuming an irrigation application of 6,000–7.500 m3/ha/year, approximately 837–1046 hectares (ha) of grapevines could be irrigated. Part of ongoing research includes an economical analysis of the best options for Ensenada and the Valle de Guadalupe in order to establish the optimum volume of water to be returned, the cost of its transportation, as well as the cost of irrigation.

Volume Analysis for Attainability of Water Quality Criteria for Three Loading Constituents

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping Wang ◽  
Lewis Linker ◽  
James Collier ◽  
Gary Shenk ◽  
Robert Koroncai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Quality Criteria ◽  
Water Quality Criteria ◽  
Volume Analysis

Organizational aspects of osteopathic care provision in a specialized clinic of Moscow

2018 ◽  
pp. 6-13
Author(s):  
D. E. Mokhov ◽  
M. Y. Gerasimenko ◽  
O. V. Yaschina ◽  
L. V. Tumbinskaya ◽  
E. S. Tregubova
Keyword(s):  
Quality Criteria ◽  
Medical Specialty ◽  
Organizational Analysis ◽  
Care Provision ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Research Papers ◽  
Regulatory Documents ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
Intensive Development ◽  
Osteopathic Physicians

Introduction. Nowadays osteopathy is an offi cial medical specialty. Many years of experience accumulated by osteopathic physicians in our country have proven its effectiveness. The analysis of research papers of those countries where osteopathy is widely used allows to draw the following conclusion: osteopathy is one of the least dangerous therapeutic methods provided that patients deal with well-trained and certifi ed specialists who work in the frame of possibilities of osteopathy. Due to the intensive development of this specialty in Russia it is necessary to provide scientifi c justifi cation to organizational and methodological approaches aimed at ensuring effective and high-quality osteopathic care to the population.Goal of research - to develop proposals in order to improve the quality and effectiveness of osteopathic care provision for the population, taking into account the current situation in health care.Materials and methods. Authors used the following research methods: historical and medico-organizational analysis, literary data analysis, content analysis as well as methods of descriptive statistics.Results. The research presents characteristics of clinics declaring osteopathic care provision, as well as qualities of osteopathic physicians. It also describes patients seeking osteopathic care, and sources of information they use.Conclusion. Authors propose a number of measures aimed at improving the availability and effectiveness of osteopathic care for patients such as training of doctors, creating of regulatory documents, developing quality criteria for osteopathic care provision and popularization of osteopathy among patients.

An experience of performing spirometry by trained general practitioners

2020 ◽  
pp. 34-36
Author(s):  
M. A. Pokhaznikova ◽  
E. A. Andreeva ◽  
O. Yu. Kuznetsova
Keyword(s):  
General Practitioners ◽  
Quality Criteria ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Male Gender ◽  
Study Research ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Quality Of Research ◽  
Forced Expiratory Maneuver ◽  
Maximal Effort

The article discusses the experience of teaching and conducting spirometry of general practitioners as part of the RESPECT study (RESearch on the PrEvalence and the diagnosis of COPD and its Tobacco-related aetiology). A total of 33 trained in spirometry general practitioners performed a study of 3119 patients. Quality criteria met 84.1% of spirometric studies. The analysis of the most common mistakes made by doctors during the forced expiratory maneuver is included. The most frequent errors were expiration exhalation of less than 6s (54%), non-maximal effort throughout the test and lack of reproducibility (11.3%). Independent predictors of poor spirogram quality were male gender, obstruction (FEV1 /FVC<0.7), and the center where the study was performed. The number of good-quality spirograms ranged from 96.1% (95% CI 83.2–110.4) to 59.8% (95% CI 49.6–71.4) depending on the center. Subsequently, an analysis of the reasons behind the poor quality of research in individual centers was conducted and the identified shortcomings were eliminated. The poor quality of the spirograms was associated either with the errors of the doctors who undertook the study or with the technical malfunctions of the spirometer.

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