What Is the Quadrillionth Decimal Place of pi?

2008 ◽  
pp. 29-40
Keyword(s):  
Decimal Place

Effect of 1 vs. 2 decimal place reporting of creatinine (mg/dL) for calculation of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)

2021 ◽  
Vol 156 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S30-S31
Author(s):  
M N Reganis ◽  
D Stickle
Keyword(s):  
Glomerular Filtration Rate ◽  
Glomerular Filtration ◽  
Filtration Rate ◽  
Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Decimal Place ◽  
Reference Ranges ◽  
Hospital System ◽  
Disease Epidemiology ◽  
Patient Reports

Abstract Introduction/Objective Our multi-hospital system recently adopted uniform use of 2 decimal places for reporting of creatinine (mg/dL), in accordance with NIH guidelines. Surprisingly, this change in patient reports fostered complaints from clinicians. Use of 2 decimal places is both analytically appropriate and reduces imprecision in calculations of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Primary literature is devoid, however, of a delineation of the scale of the effect of using 1 vs. 2 decimal places to calculate eGFR. We examined this effect for both the Modified Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) and the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) eGFR equations. Methods/Case Report Creatinine is an input to a single multiplicative creatinine factor in eGFR calculations for MDRD and CKD-EPI equations. We calculated the creatinine factor for these equations for creatinine=0.6-10 mg/dL, and evaluated the % difference in this factor when using increments of 0.1 mg/dL (1 decimal place) compared to increments of 0.1±0.05 mg/dL (viz., the 2 decimal place boundaries of a rounded 1 decimal place report). The observed % differences reflect those that would be observed in associated eGFR results. Results (if a Case Study enter NA) Input of 1 vs. 2 decimal places for creatinine in eGFR calculations, using either MDRD or CKD-EPI, produces differences in eGFR of greater than ±5% only for creatinine <1.2 mg/dL, and greater than ±10% only for creatinine <0.6 mg/dL (MDRD only). These ranges for creatinine are within or near-to reference ranges for both males (0.7-1.4 mg/dL) and females (0.6-1.0 mg/dL), and encompass approximately 70% of all patient reports for our patient population. For comparison, eGFR has a 95% confidence interval of approximately ±30% across all eGFR’s. Conclusion The ±5% reduction in precision in eGFR for such a large fraction of results by use of only 1 decimal place for creatinine was deemed unwarranted. Clinician complaints were handled by one-to-one discussions.

TOURIST RESOURCES FOR BUSINESS TOURISM IN SOFIA AND PLOVDIV

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pelo Mihaylov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Department Store ◽  
Decimal Place ◽  
The City ◽  
Central Department ◽  
International Fair

The article presents the resources for business tourism in Sofiya and Plovdiv. These events are described in the "Catalogue of fairs and exhibitions in Bulgaria". In Sofia, such events are held at the Inter Expo Center, the Central Department Store, the National Palace of Culture, the Universiade Hall and Sofia Tech Park, while in Plovdiv they are organized only at the International Fair. The article uses the terms exhibition day, when a fair or exhibition is held and calendar day when one or more exhibitions are held in the city. Intensity interval is the ratio between the exhibition days and the calendar days by rounding to the second decimal place and it can be explained as the number of exhibitions that residents (visitors, tourists) of (in) a city can visit in one day.

A PLEA FOR THE THIRD DECIMAL PLACE

1950 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 464-467
Author(s):  
V. A. Bolen
Keyword(s):  
Decimal Place ◽  
The Third

Effect of Assay Methodology on the Prediction of Lithiumc Maintenance Dosage

DICP ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 372-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shyam D. Karki ◽  
Stanley W. Carson ◽  
J.M.C. Holden
Keyword(s):  
Spectrophotometric Method ◽  
Analytical Method ◽  
Slow Release ◽  
Test Dose ◽  
Lithium Carbonate ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Decimal Place ◽  
Maintenance Dosage ◽  
Clinically Significant ◽  
Bipolar Patients

Test dose methods have been used to predict the maintenance dosage of lithium carbonate tablets in bipolar patients. These methods require a lithium analytical method that is accurate to the second decimal place. Successful use of these test methods has employed the atomic absorption spectrophotometric method, yet many hospitals use a flame spectrophotometric method. We evaluated a two-point method to predict lithium maintenance dosages of slow-release lithium carbonate tablets in 20 bipolar patients using both assay methodologies. No clinically significant differences were found between the two sets of predictions, suggesting that either assay methodology has requisite sensitivity and accuracy for use in test dose predictions of lithium maintenance dosages.

SEC staff issues money market fund reform frequently asked questions

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 47-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Murphy ◽  
Brenden Carroll ◽  
Stephen Cohen ◽  
Joshua Katz ◽  
Justin Goldberg
Keyword(s):  
Financial Services ◽  
Boards Of Directors ◽  
Decimal Place ◽  
Money Market ◽  
Securities And Exchange Commission ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fund Managers ◽  
Money Market Funds ◽  
Fund Industry ◽  
To Come

Purpose – To explain the background and details of the responses from the Staff of the Division of Investment Management of the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to certain frequently asked questions (FAQs) regarding the July 23, 2014 amendments to Rule 2a-7 and other rules that govern money market funds under the Investment Company Act of 1940 (1940 Act). Design/methodology/approach – In July 2014, the SEC adopted sweeping amendments to Rule 2a-7 and other rules that govern money market funds under the 1940 Act (Amendments). The Amendments (i) require “institutional” money funds to operate with a floating net asset value (NAV), rounded to the fourth decimal place (e.g. $1.0000) and (ii) permit (and, under certain circumstances, require) all money funds to impose a “liquidity fee” (up to 2 per cent) and/or “redemption gate,” once weekly liquidity levels fall below the required regulatory threshold. The article briefly discusses the background and the events leading up to the FAQs and describes key responses from the Staff on a variety of issues. Findings – The Amendments set forth sweeping changes to money fund regulation and will have a profound effect on the money fund industry. Although the most significant provisions of the Amendments – the floating NAV requirement and the imposition of liquidity fees and redemption gates – will not go into effect for two years, the changes to the industry will be apparent almost immediately. The FAQs provide clarity on a number of issues that are relevant to the money fund industry. Practical implications – Money fund managers and boards of directors should begin assessing the potential impact of the Amendments and develop a schedule to come into compliance. Originality/value – Practical guidance from experienced financial services lawyers.

scholarly journals Single-Ion Nuclear Clock for Metrology at the 19th Decimal Place

2012 ◽  
Vol 108 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Campbell ◽  
A. G. Radnaev ◽  
A. Kuzmich ◽  
V. A. Dzuba ◽  
V. V. Flambaum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decimal Place

scholarly journals Atmospheric pressure and refractive indices, with a corresponding table of indices of optical glass

1922 ◽  
Vol 100 (707) ◽  
pp. 621-626
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Optical Glass ◽  
Vitreous Silica ◽  
Great Accuracy ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Decimal Place ◽  
Refractive Indices ◽  
Temperature Coefficients ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Temperature Errors

A new method of obtaining refractive index was described in 1902. Instead of depending on the accuracy of arbitrary measurements of refracting angle or the accuracy of construction of a prism, this method was based on the mean value of the three angles of a triangle. The description of this method was accompanied by a Table of the principal refractive indices of quartz, calcite, and fluorite, obtained in this manner, and was followed later by similar Tables of the refractive indices of vitreous silica, water, and optical glass, and in February, 1915, these were in turn followed by a Table of the refraction temperature coefficients of optical glass. Since the error due to the method itself amounted to less than unity in the seventh figure, there was promise of great accuracy. But, nevertheless, with every care, and in spite of the correction for temperature, errors even exceeding unity in the fifth decimal place were frequently manifest, requiring repeated and tedious observation to eliminate. Hence suspicion fell on the barometer. But it was pointed out by the late Prof. Sylvanus Thompson, F. R. S., and afterwards by Sir Arthur Schuster, who indicated the lines to be worked on, that the modulus of rigidity of glass precluded its being sensibly affected by atmospheric pressure, and that, therefore, any such effect must be due to the refraction of air alone.

scholarly journals Estimation of ma(1) model based on rounded data

2012 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-53
Author(s):  
Meihui Guo ◽  
Gen-Liang Li
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Moving Average ◽  
Decimal Place ◽  
Maximum Likelihood Estimates ◽  
Time Series Models ◽  
Rounding Errors ◽  
First Order ◽  
Rounded Data ◽  
Recorded Data ◽  
Estimation Of Time

ABSTRACT Most recorded data of continuous distributions are rounded to the nearest decimal place due to the precision of the recording mechanism. This rounding entails errors in estimation and measurement. In this study, we consider parameter estimation of time series models based on rounded data. The adjusted maximum likelihood estimates in [Stam, A.-Cogger, K. O.: Rounding errors in autoregressive processes, Internat. J. Forecast. 9 (1993), 487-508] are derived theoretically for the first order moving average MA(1) model. Simulations are performed to compare the efficiencies of the adjusted maximum likelihood estimators with other estimators.

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