scholarly journals Mapping brain recovery after concussion

Neurology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 93 (21) ◽  
pp. e1980-e1992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan W. Churchill ◽  
Michael G. Hutchison ◽  
Simon J. Graham ◽  
Tom A. Schweizer
Keyword(s):  
Symptom Severity ◽  
Mean Diffusivity ◽  
Return To Play ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Brain Physiology ◽  
Acute Symptom ◽  
Medical Clearance ◽  
Brain Recovery ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
And Function

ObjectiveTo test the hypothesis that concussion-related brain alterations seen at symptomatic injury and medical clearance to return to play (RTP) will have dissipated by 1 year after RTP.MethodsFor this observational study, 24 athletes with concussion were scanned longitudinally within 1 week after injury, at RTP, and 1 year after RTP. A large control cohort of 122 athletes were also scanned before the season. Each imaging session assessed global functional connectivity (Gconn) and cerebral blood flow (CBF), along with white matter fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD). The main effects of concussion on MRI parameters were evaluated at each postinjury time point. In addition, covariation was assessed between MRI parameters and clinical measures of acute symptom severity and time to RTP.ResultsDifferent aspects of brain physiology showed different patterns of recovery over time. Both Gconn and FA displayed no significant effects at 1 year after RTP, whereas CBF and MD exhibited persistent long-term effects. The effects of concussion on MRI parameters were also dependent on acute symptom severity and time to RTP for all postinjury time points.ConclusionThis study provides the first longitudinal evaluation of concussion focused on time of RTP and 1 year after medical clearance, using multiple different MRI measures to assess brain structure and function. These findings significantly enhance our understanding of the natural course of brain recovery after a concussion.

scholarly journals Brain structural and functional alterations in MOG antibody disease

2020 ◽  
pp. 135245852096441
Author(s):  
Zhizheng Zhuo ◽  
Yunyun Duan ◽  
Decai Tian ◽  
Xinli Wang ◽  
Chenyang Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Lobe ◽  
Verbal Learning ◽  
Brain Mri ◽  
Mean Diffusivity ◽  
California Verbal Learning Test ◽  
Stepwise Logistic Regression ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
Learning Test ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact

Background: The impact of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disease (MOGAD) on brain structure and function is unknown. Objectives: The aim of this study was to study the multimodal brain MRI alterations in MOGAD and to investigate their clinical significance. Methods: A total of 17 MOGAD, 20 aquaporin-4 antibody seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (AQP4 + NMOSD), and 28 healthy controls (HC) were prospectively recruited. Voxel-wise gray matter (GM) volume, fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), and degree centrality (DC) were compared between groups. Clinical associations and differential diagnosis were determined using partial correlation and stepwise logistic regression. Results: In comparison with HC, MOGAD had GM atrophy in frontal and temporal lobe, insula, thalamus, and hippocampus, and WM fiber disruption in optic radiation and anterior/posterior corona radiata; DC decreased in cerebellum and increased in temporal lobe. Compared to AQP4 + NMOSD, MOGAD presented lower GM volume in postcentral gyrus and decreased DC in cerebellum. Hippocampus/parahippocampus atrophy associated with Expanded Disability Status Scale ( R = −0.55, p = 0.04) and California Verbal Learning Test ( R = 0.62, p = 0.031). The differentiation of MOGAD from AQP4 + NMOSD achieved an accuracy of 95% using FA in splenium of corpus callosum and DC in occipital gyrus. Conclusion: Distinct structural and functional alterations were identified in MOGAD. Hippocampus/parahippocampus atrophy associated with clinical disability and cognitive impairment.

scholarly journals Association of trajectories of depressive symptoms with vascular risk, cognitive function and adverse brain outcomes: The Whitehall II MRI sub-study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naiara Demnitz ◽  
Melis Anatürk ◽  
Charlotte L Allan ◽  
Nicola Filippini ◽  
Ludovica Griffanti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
White Matter ◽  
General Health Questionnaire ◽  
Mean Diffusivity ◽  
Risk Scores ◽  
Vascular Risk ◽  
Cognitive Screening ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
And Function

Background: Trajectories of depressive symptoms over the lifespan vary between people, but it is unclear whether these differences exhibit distinct characteristics in brain structure and function. Methods: In order to compare indices of white matter microstructure and cognitive characteristics of groups with different trajectories of depressive symptoms, we examined 774 participants of the Whitehall II Imaging Sub-study, who had completed the depressive subscale of the General Health Questionnaire up to nine times over 25 years. Twenty-seven years after the first examination, participants underwent magnetic resonance imaging to characterize white matter hyperintensities (WMH) and microstructure and completed neuropsychological tests to assess cognition. Twenty-nine years after the first examination, participants completed a further cognitive screening test. Results: Using K-means cluster modelling, we identified five trajectory groups of depressive symptoms: consistently low scorers ("low"; n=505, 62.5%), a subgroup with an early peak in depression scores ("early"; n=123, 15.9%), intermediate scorers ("middle"; n=89, 11.5%), a late symptom subgroup with an increase in symptoms towards the end of the follow-up period ("late"; n=29, 3.7%), and consistently high scorers ("high"; n=28, 3.6%). The late, but not the consistently high scorers, showed higher mean diffusivity, larger volumes of WMH and impaired executive function. In addition, the late subgroup had higher Framingham Stroke Risk scores throughout the follow-up period, indicating a higher load of vascular risk factors. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that tracking depressive symptoms in the community over time may be a useful tool to identify phenotypes that show different etiologies and cognitive and brain outcomes.

An Exploration of ADHD and Comorbidity With Substance Abuse and Brain Development

2021 ◽  
pp. 245-258
Author(s):  
York Williams
Keyword(s):  
Brain Development ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Primary Treatment ◽  
Treatment Team ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
Psychodynamic Therapies

Methylphenidate (MPH) is the most commonly used drug to treat attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children effectively and safely. However, in spite of its widespread application throughout what is considered one of the most plastic and sensitive phases of brain development in children, very little is known to date about its long-term effects on brain structure and function leading well into later adolescence and adulthood. Additionally, there is scant information available to parents, clinicians, and clients with ADD/ADHD about the influence of MPH on brain development. More importantly, recent human and animal studies suggest that MPH alters the dopaminergic system with long-term effects beyond the termination of treatment. As such, a multimodal treatment with psychodynamic therapies can assist the treatment team to support the development of the client's pro-social skills in addition to medication treatment, thus reducing full reliance on MPH as the primary treatment for ADD/ADHD.

scholarly journals Parental brain and socioeconomic epigenetic effects in human development

2012 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 378-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. Swain ◽  
Suzanne C. Perkins ◽  
Carolyn J. Dayton ◽  
Eric D. Finegood ◽  
S. Shaun Ho
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Behavioral Genetics ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Brain Physiology ◽  
Epigenetic Effects ◽  
Maternal Brain ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
Parental Brain

AbstractCritically significant parental effects in behavioral genetics may be partly understood as a consequence of maternal brain structure and function of caregiving systems recently studied in humans as well as rodents. Key parental brain areas regulate emotions, motivation/reward, and decision making, as well as more complex social-cognitive circuits. Additional key environmental factors must include socioeconomic status and paternal brain physiology. These have implications for developmental and evolutionary biology as well as public policy.

scholarly journals Repetitive Mild Head Trauma Induces Activity-Mediated Lifelong Brain Deficits in a Novel Drosophila Model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph A. Behnke ◽  
Changtian Ye ◽  
Aayush Setty ◽  
Kenneth H. Moberg ◽  
James Q. Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Head Trauma ◽  
Neuronal Excitability ◽  
Brain Dysfunction ◽  
Suitable Model ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Head Impacts ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
And Function

AbstractMild head trauma, including concussion, can lead to chronic brain dysfunction and degeneration but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we developed a novel head impact system to investigate the long-term effects of mild head trauma on brain structure and function, as well as the underlying mechanisms in Drosophila melanogaster. We find that Drosophila subjected to repetitive head impacts develop long-term deficits, including impaired startle-induced climbing, progressive brain degeneration, and shortened lifespan, all of which are substantially exacerbated in female flies. Interestingly, head impacts elicit an elevation in neuronal activity and its acute suppression abrogates the detrimental effects in female flies. Together, our findings validate Drosophila as a suitable model system for investigating the long-term effects of mild head trauma, suggest an increased vulnerability in brain injury in female flies, and indicate that early altered neuronal excitability may be a key mechanism linking mild brain trauma to chronic degeneration.

scholarly journals Neuroimaging of sport concussion: persistent alterations in brain structure and function at medical clearance

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan W. Churchill ◽  
Michael G. Hutchison ◽  
Doug Richards ◽  
General Leung ◽  
Simon J. Graham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Structure ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Medical Clearance ◽  
Sport Concussion ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
And Function

The ENIGMA Brain Injury Working Group: Approach, Challenges, and Potential Benefits

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth A. Wilde ◽  
Emily L. Dennis ◽  
David F Tate
Keyword(s):  
Brain Injury ◽  
Working Group ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Group Approach ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
And Function ◽  
Neuroimaging Genetics

The Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis (ENIGMA) consortium brings together researchers from around the world to try to identify the genetic underpinnings of brain structure and function, along with robust, generalizable effects of neurological and psychiatric disorders. The recently-formed ENIGMA Brain Injury working group includes 8 subgroups, based largely on injury mechanism and patient population. This introduction to the special issue summarizes the history, organization, and objectives of ENIGMA Brain Injury, and includes a discussion of strategies, challenges, opportunities and goals common across 6 of the subgroups under the umbrella of ENIGMA Brain Injury. The following articles in this special issue, including 6 articles from different subgroups, will detail the challenges and opportunities specific to each subgroup.

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