scholarly journals The Epidemic of Despair and Infant Mortality: A Research Note

Demography ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew P. Forsstrom
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Maternal Age ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Hispanic Women ◽  
The United States ◽  
Bachelor's Degree ◽  
Research Note ◽  
First Century ◽  
Slow Progress ◽  
Unexpected Infant Death

Abstract This research note documents that progress against infant mortality in the United States has stalled in the twenty-first century among infants born to White non-Hispanic women without a bachelor's degree. In contrast, the mortality rate fell considerably among infants born to White non-Hispanic women with a bachelor's degree, Black non-Hispanic women across levels of education, and Hispanic women with a bachelor's degree. The decline in infant mortality for Hispanic women without a bachelor's degree was small, but still greater than the decline for White non-Hispanic women without a bachelor's after adjusting for changes in the distribution of maternal age within groups. I also document a marked difference in trends for sudden unexpected infant death (SUID) rates by maternal education. The SUID rate increased among those born to women without a bachelor's degree across racial and ethnic groups, while declining or staying constant for those born to women with a bachelor's degree. The lack of progress against infant mortality for White non-Hispanic women without a bachelor's degree was driven by a relatively large increase in SUID rates, coupled with relatively slow progress against other types of infant mortality.

scholarly journals Maternal Education, Birth Weight, and Infant Mortality in the United States

Demography ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 615-635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy B. Gage ◽  
Fu Fang ◽  
Erin O’Neill ◽  
Greg DiRienzo
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
The United States

scholarly journals The Influence of Maternal Age, Parity and Education on Infant Mortality in West Aceh Regency

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 80
Author(s):  
Sukma Elida ◽  
Siti Maisyaroh Fitri Siregar ◽  
Arfah Husna ◽  
Dian Fera ◽  
Azwar Azwar
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Maternal Age ◽  
Medical Equipment ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Health Facilities ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Case Group

One of the important index to reflect health status in a certain area is Infant Mortality Rate (IMR). IMR is also global soccioeconomic indicator in a population. Besides, The Statistical index indicates the quality of life, not only the quantity and number of death. It is the main health problem In Indonesia, There was 32 deaths per 1000 live births In Indonesia. The research was to analyze the influence of maternal age, parity, and education to infant mortality in West Aceh Regency. The research was quantitative with case control design, a case group was 45 mothers whose babies died when they were under one years old and a control group was 45 mothers whose babies were alive when they were under one year old. The maching was done on the babies based on their age and sex. The Data analyzed by using univariate and bivariate analysis with McNemar test, meanwhile, multivariate analysis with conditional logistic regression test at the significant level of 0.25. The Result of analysis in this research showed that maternal age and parity significanly influence of infant mortality. In the otherhand, maternal education did not significanly influence of infant mortality. The most significanly variable which influence of infant mortality was maternal age (OR=4.745). To Prevent Infant mortality from the variabel maternal age and parity, it is suggested for women to get merried at the age ≥20 years old, increases reproductive health education for female teenagers at schools and increases the conerage of using KONTAP (long term contracepcion) for women that have  more than four children. It is also suggest to provide adequate medical equipment to support the childbirth and increase the access of health facilities by optimizing village polycliclic and  It is also suggested to provide adequate medical equipment to support childbirth, increase the convenience of health facilities, and increase the access to health facilities by optimizing village polyclinics and midwives performance.

scholarly journals State-level trends in sudden unexpected infant death and immunization in the United States: an ecological study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqueline Müller-Nordhorn ◽  
Konrad Neumann ◽  
Thomas Keil ◽  
Stefan N. Willich ◽  
Sylvia Binting
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Infant Death ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Sleep Position ◽  
Live Births ◽  
Unexpected Infant Death ◽  
Rate Ratios

Abstract Background Sudden unexpected infant death (SUID) continues to be a major contributor to infant mortality in the United States. The objective was to analyze time trends in SUID and their association with immunization coverage. Methods The number of deaths and live births per year and per state (1992–2015) was obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). We calculated infant mortality rates (i.e., deaths below one year of age) per 1000 live births for SUID. We obtained data on immunization in children aged 19–35 months with three doses or more of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (3+ DTP), polio (3+ Polio), and Haemophilus influenzae type b (3+ Hib) as well as four doses or more of DTP (4+ DTP) from the National Immunization Survey, and data on infant sleep position from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) Study. Data on poverty and race were derived from the Current Population and American Community Surveys of the U.S. Census Bureau. We calculated mean SUID mortality rates with 95% confidence interval (CI) as well as the annual percentage change using breakpoint analysis. We used Poisson regression with random effects to examine the dependence of SUID rates on immunization coverage, adjusting for sleep position and poverty (1996–2015). In a second model, we additionally adjusted for race (2000–2015). Results Overall, SUID mortality decreased in the United States. The mean annual percent change was − 9.6 (95% CI = − 10.5, − 8.6) between 1992 and 1996, and − 0.3 (95% CI = − 0.4, − 0.1) from 1996 onwards. The adjusted rate ratios for SUID mortality were 0.91 (95% CI = 0.80, 1.03) per 10% increase for 3+ DTP, 0.88 (95% CI = 0.83, 0.95) for 4+ DTP, 1.00 (95% CI = 0.90, 1.10) for 3+ polio, and 0.95 (95% CI = 0.89, 1.02) for 3+ Hib. After additionally adjusting for race, the rate ratios were 0.76 (95% CI = 0.67, 0.85) for 3+ DTP, 0.83 (95% CI = 0.78, 0.89) for 4+ DTP, 0.81 (95% CI = 0.73, 0.90) for 3+ polio, and 0.94 (95% CI = 0.88, 1.00) for 3+ Hib. Conclusions SUID mortality is decreasing, and inversely related to immunization coverage. However, since 1996, the decline has slowed down.

scholarly journals Maternal Age and Infant Mortality for White, Black,and Mexican Mothers in the United States

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip N. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Infant Death ◽  
Maternal Age ◽  
White Women ◽  
The United States ◽  
Delayed Childbearing ◽  
The Us ◽  
Health Experiences ◽  
The Relationship

This paper assesses the pattern of infant mortality by maternal age for White, Black, and Mexican mothers using the 2013 Period Linked Birth/Infant Death Public Use File from the Centers for Disease Control. The results are consistent with the “weathering” hypothesis, which suggests that White women benefit from delayed childbearing while for Black women early childbearing is adaptive because of deteriorating health status through the childbearing years. For White women,the risk (adjusted for covariates) of infant death is U-shaped—lowest in the early thirties—while for Black women the risk increases linearly with age. Mexican-origin women show a J-shape, with highest risk at the oldest ages. The results underscore the need for understanding the relationship between maternal age and infant mortality in the context of unequal health experiences across race/ethnic groups in the US.

scholarly journals Implication of Vaginal and Cesarean Section Delivery Method in Black–White Differentials in Infant Mortality in the United States: Linked Birth/Infant Death Records, 2007–2016

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. 3146
Author(s):  
Laurens Holmes Jr. ◽  
Leah O’Neill ◽  
Hikma Elmi ◽  
Chinaka Chinacherem ◽  
Camillia Comeaux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Cesarean Section ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Vaginal Delivery ◽  
Infant Death ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Implicit Bias ◽  
The United States ◽  
Labor And Delivery

Racial/ethnic disparities in infant mortality (IM) continue to persist in the United States, with Black/African Americans (AA) being disproportionally affected with a three-fold increase in mortality compared to Whites. Epidemiological data have identified maternal characteristics in IM risk such as preeclampsia, eclampsia, maternal education, smoking, maternal weight, maternal socioeconomic status (SES), and family structure. Understanding the social gradient in health including implicit bias, as inherent in the method of labor and delivery and the racial heterogeneity, may facilitate intervention mapping in narrowing the Black–White IM risk differences. We aimed to assess the temporal/racial trends and the methods of delivery, mainly vaginal vs. cesarean section (C-section) as an exposure function of IM. The United States linked birth/infant death records (2007–2016) were used with a cross-sectional ecological design. The analysis involved chi squared statistic, incidence rate estimation by binomial regression model, and period percent change. Of the 40,445,070 births between 2007 and 2016, cumulative mortality incidence was 249,135 (1.16 per 1000). The IM rate was highest among Black/AA (11.41 per 1000), intermediate among Whites (5.19 per 1000), and lowest among Asian /Pacific Islanders (4.24 per 1000). The cumulative incidence rate difference, comparing vaginal to cesarean procedure was 1.73 per 1000 infants, implying excess IM with C-section. Compared to C-section, there was a 31% decreased risk of IM among mothers with vaginal delivery, rate ratio (RR) = 0.69, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.64–0.74. Racial disparities were observed in the method of delivery associated with IM. Black/AA mothers with vaginal delivery had a 6% decreased risk of IM compared to C-section, RR = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.92–0.95, while Whites with vaginal delivery had a 38% decrease risk of IM relative to C-section, RR= 0.68, 95% CI: 0.67–0.69, p < 0.001. Infant mortality varied by race, with Black/AA disproportionally affected, which is explained in part by labor and delivery procedures, suggestive of reliable and equitable intrapartum assessment of Black/AA mothers during labor, as well as implicit bias marginalization in the healthcare system.

scholarly journals Fathers Matter

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren Abla Doamekpor ◽  
Ndidiamaka Nneoma Amutah ◽  
Lauren Juliette Ramos
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Maternal Age ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Married Couples ◽  
Paternal Age ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Additional Risk ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Adolescent Father

Infant mortality is the most widely used indicator of a nation’s health status and is associated with a plethora of maternal and socioeconomic factors. Although the association between young and old maternal age and the risk of infant mortality is well established, the link between paternal age and birth outcomes has received far less attention. This study seeks to examine the added impact of paternal age on infant mortality, above and beyond that of maternal age among married couples. Using the 2002 linked birth and infant death data set ( N = 63,754), hazard odds ratios for the association between combined adolescent and adult maternal and paternal age and the risk of infant mortality were estimated. Maternal demographic characteristics, such as education and race/ethnicity were controlled. The findings indicate that, independent of maternal education and race/ethnicity, adolescent father adds additional risk, above and beyond that of maternal age, only when the mother is older (21-45 years; hazard ratio = 2.7). This study highlights that for married couples, adolescent fathers add to the risk of infant mortality when the mothers are older, providing insight into the role of paternal age in infant mortality. Implications for additional research are discussed.

Older Maternal Age and Infant Mortality in the United States

1989 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
A. Friede ◽  
W. Baldwin ◽  
P. H. Rhodes ◽  
J. W. Buehler ◽  
L. T. Strauss
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Maternal Age ◽  
The United States
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