scholarly journals Living In/difference; or, How to Imagine Ambivalent Networks

Qui Parle ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-118
Author(s):  
Carina Albrecht ◽  
Wendy Hui Kyong Chun ◽  
Laura Kurgan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Network Science ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Processes ◽  
Housing Project ◽  
Unpublished Study ◽  
Guiding Principle ◽  
Echo Chambers ◽  
Complex Picture

Abstract In a 1954 essay Paul Lazarsfeld and Robert K. Merton coined the term homophily to describe similarity-based friendship. They based their findings on friendship patterns among neighbors in a biracial housing project in the United States, using a combined quantitative and qualitative, empirical and speculative analysis of social processes. Since then homophily has become a guiding principle for network science: it is simply presumed that similarity breeds connection. But the unpublished study by Merton, Patricia S. West, and Marie Jahoda, which grounds Lazarsfeld and Merton’s analysis, and the Merton and Bureau of Applied Social Research’s archive reveal a more complex picture. This article engages with the data traces in the archive to reimagine what enabled the residents of the studied housing project to live in difference, as neighbors. The reanimation of this archive reveals the often counterintuitive characteristic of our imagined networks: they are about removal, not addition. It also opens up new imagined possibilities for a digital future beyond the hatred of the different and online echo chambers.

scholarly journals A Social Space Approach to Testing Complex Hypotheses: The Case of Hispanic Marriage Patterns in the United States

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 237802311773917 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey A. Smith
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Space ◽  
The United States ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Social Categories ◽  
Hispanic Ethnicity ◽  
Marriage Patterns ◽  
Past Work ◽  
Formal Framework ◽  
Complex Picture

Where do individuals identifying as Hispanic fit in the racial landscape of the United States? The answer offered by past work is complex: The empirical results do not lend themselves to simple interpretation as no single hypothesis fits the Hispanic case very well. Instead, Hispanic integration is described as mixtures of different archetypical hypotheses, like panethnic formation, white assimilation, and racialized assimilation. My goal is to develop a formal framework to help make sense of this complex picture. I extend past work by showing which combination of integration processes (panethnic formation, white assimilation, etc.) best characterizes Hispanic marriage patterns. I make two analytical contributions. First, I organize past Hispanic hypotheses, both archetypical and blended, into a single theoretical framework defined by the salience of race and Hispanic ethnicity. Second, I parametize this theoretical framework using latent social space models. In this way, I am able to specify a set of interconnected, complex hypotheses in a tractable manner. I follow past work and use marriage/cohabitation data to test the hypotheses. Using American Community Survey data (2010–2012), I find that Hispanic marriage/cohabitation patterns suggest high salience on both race and Hispanic ethnicity. Thus, categories like black-Mexican or white-Cuban represent relationally distinct social categories—distinct from both non-Hispanic racial categories (e.g., black or white) and Hispanic categories of a different racial identity.

Typology of Abilities Tested in University Entrance Examinations: Comparisons of the United States, Japan, Iran and France

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masako Ema Watanabe
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Entrance Examinations ◽  
Guiding Principle ◽  
Types Of Knowledge ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Human Emotions

This study proposes a typology of abilities tested by university entrance examinations with types of knowledge (experiential versus academic) and objective (instrumental versus value) as indices. Four types of abilities are extracted: generic, communal, nomothetic, and political. The proposed typology is examined by past questions on literature subject exams in four countries. The analysis reveals that the sat in the United States measures effective reasoning for versatile application, whereas the National Center Test in Japan examines the ability to infer human emotions for the creation of inner-community. The Iranian konkur tests the understanding of universal laws for guiding principle in life and French baccalauréat tests the mastery of dialectical procedure for innovation. Entrance examinations reveal the types of abilities and attitude each society values. The proposed typology aids in understanding their qualitative differences, which past studies were unable to elucidate.

scholarly journals Features of the development of the field of information and communication technologies in the United States of America in 2020–2021

2021 ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Alexandra Kukharenko
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Processes ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Active Implementation

The article describes the features of the development of the field of information and communication technologies in the century of digital transformation of society, the active implementation of innovative technological developments in economic and social processes, provides an analysis of the pace of development of the industry of information and communication technologies in the United States of America, describes the changes that have occurred associated with the global pandemic in 2020-2021.

Wrestling With Jello: “Good Dads” and the Reproduction of Male Dominance in Children’s Baseball

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Travers ◽  
Jennifer Berdahl
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Processes ◽  
Male Dominance ◽  
Hybrid Form ◽  
Male Domination ◽  
Gender Egalitarianism ◽  
The Social ◽  
Male Dominated

Despite being formally all-gender, children’s baseball in Canada and the United States remains highly male dominated. We draw on the autoethnographic fieldwork of Travers as a queer/trans volunteer coach to demonstrate the social processes that reproduce male domination among coaches in children’s baseball. We employ the theoretical lens of doing/redoing/undoing gender to demonstrate the enactment of a hybrid form of masculinity we term “Good Dad Masculinity.” Good Dad Masculinity reproduces male domination in children’s baseball as a de facto highly gendered organization wherein girls, women, and nonnormatively gendered people of all ages are peripherally included, at best. As Good Dad Masculinity reproduces male domination while appearing to embody and endorse gender egalitarianism, resistance to it is akin to wrestling with jello.

scholarly journals Representation of Socio-Political Transformation in the Contemporary Vocabulary of Japanese

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 735-742
Author(s):  
Elena A. Naumova ◽  
Polina I. Ananchenkova
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Processes ◽  
Japanese Language ◽  
Japanese American ◽  
Donald Trump ◽  
International Policy ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
Foreign Origin

The article is devoted to the study of some social aspects of the socio-political changes impact in Japan in 2010-2020 and their contribution to the emergence of neologisms in the Japanese language. The active invasion of the English language into the vocabulary of the Japanese language is associated with social processes in Japan caused by its defeat in World War II, the period of American occupation, as well as the aggressive international policy of the 45th President of the United States Donald Trump. The aim of the work is to show the connection between the social processes in Japan and their international reflection under the pressure of US policy, and the appearance of neologisms of foreign origin in the Japanese language. Materials and methods of research: a method of structural-semantic modeling based on a detailed comparison of Japanese vocabulary. We also used a comparative method of studying socio-political processes. A sociological method was used to select the most common neologisms of foreign origin. Results of the work: we studied the neologisms of foreign origin that appeared in the last decade and have become quite densely included in the vocabulary of the Japanese language under the pressure of the countrys socio-political discourse against the background of US international policy, and, in particular, the aggressive political course of the 45th President of the United States Donald Trump in relation to Japan. In total, about 100 such neologisms were selected. We identified the most common neologisms of foreign origin through a sociological survey and studied in detail the history of the emergence of ten of them. These are lexical units that can be characterized not only as neologisms of exclusively foreign origin, but also as words of a mixed type, which are a combination of kango, words formed from roots of Chinese origin, and borrowings, as well as abbreviations of both types of new words. The work reflects the relationship between social processes in the country against the background of the international Japanese-American confrontation and the emergence of neologisms that entered the Japanese language.

scholarly journals Dystonia treatment

Neurology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 88 (6) ◽  
pp. 543-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Pirio Richardson ◽  
Ashley R. Wegele ◽  
Betty Skipper ◽  
Amanda Deligtisch ◽  
H.A. Jinnah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Medication Use ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
The United States ◽  
Focal Dystonia ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Complex Picture ◽  
Generalized Dystonia ◽  
Medication Use Patterns

Objective:To determine the frequency of medication use in patients with dystonia enrolled in an international biorepository study.Methods:In a cross-sectional analysis, we included 2,026 participants enrolled at 37 sites in the United States, Canada, Europe, and Australia through Project 1 of the Dystonia Coalition, an international biorepository study. The primary aim was to assess the frequency of medication classes recommended for treating patients with dystonia, and the secondary aim was to compare characteristics (disease type, age, sex, duration of disease, comorbid conditions, severity).Results:Querying the database for the presence of any medication for dystonia used (includes both injectable and oral therapy), we found 73% using medications (n = 1,488) and 27% using no dystonia medications (n = 538). Furthermore, 61% of the total sample used botulinum toxin (BoNT) therapy alone or in combination. Differences were found in medication use patterns by dystonia type, with the lowest oral medication use in focal dystonia and highest use in generalized dystonia; by region, with highest BoNT therapy rate reported in Italy and the lowest in the Northeast region of the United States; and by focal dystonia subtype, with highest BoNT therapy alone in blepharospasm and spasmodic dysphonia (49%) and lowest in other cranial dystonia (32%).Conclusions:The majority of patients with dystonia enrolled in the Dystonia Coalition Project 1 were using medications to treat their dystonia. Overall, a complex picture of medication use patterns emerged, with factors such as region, disease duration, type of dystonia, disease severity, and psychiatric comorbidities all playing a significant role.

Political Transition in Cambodia 1991–1999. Power, Elitism and Democracy. By David W. Roberts. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000. 259p. $40.00.

2002 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 670-670
Author(s):  
Patrick Vander Weyden
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Liberal Democracy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Transition ◽  
Central Component ◽  
Peace Agreement ◽  
Guiding Principle ◽  
Political Reality ◽  
Descriptive Account

In this book David W. Roberts provides an interesting descriptive account of recent Cambodian politics. The guiding principle of his study is the evaluation and implementation of the Paris Peace Agreement (PPA), which was signed in 1993. The main thesis in the book is that the content of the PPA mainly served the interests of international actors such as the United States and China, without taking into account the Cambodian political reality. In Roberts's view, the PPA developed from the Western ideal of liberal democracy, with multiparty elections as its central component and with total disregard for the Cambodian political context.

Afterword

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharine T. von Stackelberg ◽  
Elizabeth Macaulay-Lewis
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Public Sphere ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ancient Egyptian ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Complex Picture ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Egyptian Architecture

The papers in this volume have considered the reception, translation, transcription, and appropriation of Classical and Ancient Egyptian architecture in spaces of dwelling from the mid-eighteenth to late twentieth centuries. A complex picture emerges from these diverse analyses that points to future avenues for research. Most fundamentally, these essays demonstrate that scholars should approach much of the reception of ancient architecture not solely through a Neoclassical or Neo-Egyptian lens, but also through that of the Neo-Antique. Broader in concept, a Neo-Antique framework encourages us to make connections between the silos of knowledge, specifically here the Neoclassical and the Neo-Egyptian, to understand that the processes guiding the reception of Classical and Egyptian architecture were often similar, and part of the larger reception of antiquity in Europe and the United States. The Neo-Antique framework also challenges established conceptions of the Neoclassical’s limitations—an aristocratic and elite, derivative phenomenon—and redefines it as diverse, innovative, and original. These essays demonstrate that interest in ancient architecture was not limited to the civic and/or public sphere, but rather, that ancient architecture appealed to a wide range of patrons, architects, and artists in their creation of dwelling places—from dining rooms and bedrooms to tombs and gardens....

The Contingent Power of Experts: Public Health Policy in the United States, Britain, and France

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Constance A. Nathanson
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Public Policy ◽  
Health Policy ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Public Health Policy ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
The United States ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Social Processes

Dangers to life and health abound. Even among the subset known to medicine and science, however, there is no guarantee that any particular danger will rise to the level of a recognized public health problem or elicit a response from the makers of public policy. The path from knowledge to policy is not straightforward; scientific consensus does not lead automatically to policy consensus. Judgments of what dangers should be most feared, how to explain them, what to do about them, and even whether they are public health problems at all are the outcome of social processes. A couple of examples may help to clarify these points.

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