scholarly journals LIM Homeobox 9 knockdown by morpholino does not affect zebrafish retinal development

Biology Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Guo ◽  
Fei Li ◽  
Minxia Lu ◽  
Kangkang Ge ◽  
Lin Gan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Expression Pattern ◽  
Neural Development ◽  
Light Stimulus ◽  
Retinal Development ◽  
Transcription Factor Family ◽  
Whole Mount ◽  
Zebrafish Embryogenesis ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRACT LIM homeobox 9 (Lhx9) is a member of the LIM homeodomain transcription factor family, which expresses and functions in various vertebrate tissues, such as the gonads and pineal gland. Previous studies on lhx9 in zebrafish have mainly focused on the brain. However, little is known about the expression pattern of lhx9 during embryogenesis. Here, we detected lhx9 expression in zebrafish embryos using whole-mount in situ hybridization and found lhx9 expressed in heart, pectoral fin, and retina during their development in zebrafish. We then detailed the expression of lhx9 in retinal development. To further investigate the function of Lhx9 in retinogenesis, we performed morpholino (MO) knockdown experiments and found that upon lhx9 knockdown by MO, larvae presented normal eye development, retinal neural development, differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, and responses to light stimulus. We not only elaborated the expression pattern of lhx9 in zebrafish embryogenesis, but we also demonstrated that lhx9 knockdown by morpholino does not affect the zebrafish retinal development, and our study provides data for further understanding of the role of Lhx9 in zebrafish retinal development.

scholarly journals Conditional Loss of BAF (mSWI/SNF) Scaffolding Subunits Affects Specification and Proliferation of Oligodendrocyte Precursors in Developing Mouse Forebrain

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eman Abbas ◽  
Mohamed A. Hassan ◽  
Godwin Sokpor ◽  
Kamila Kiszka ◽  
Linh Pham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chromatin Remodeling ◽  
Neural Development ◽  
Conditional Knockout ◽  
Baf Complex ◽  
Ventral Telencephalon ◽  
Mouse Mutants ◽  
Oligodendrocyte Precursor ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

Oligodendrocytes are responsible for axon myelination in the brain and spinal cord. Generation of oligodendrocytes entails highly regulated multistage neurodevelopmental events, including proliferation, differentiation and maturation. The chromatin remodeling BAF (mSWI/SNF) complex is a notable regulator of neural development. In our previous studies, we determined the indispensability of the BAF complex scaffolding subunits BAF155 and BAF170 for neurogenesis, whereas their role in gliogenesis is unknown. Here, we show that the expression of BAF155 and BAF170 is essential for the genesis of oligodendrocytes during brain development. We report that the ablation of BAF155 and BAF170 in the dorsal telencephalic (dTel) neural progenitors or in oligodendrocyte-producing progenitors in the ventral telencephalon (vTel) in double-conditional knockout (dcKO) mouse mutants, perturbed the process of oligodendrogenesis. Molecular marker and cell cycle analyses revealed impairment of oligodendrocyte precursor specification and proliferation, as well as overt depletion of oligodendrocytes pool in dcKO mutants. Our findings unveil a central role of BAF155 and BAF170 in oligodendrogenesis, and thus substantiate the involvement of the BAF complex in the production of oligodendrocytes in the forebrain.

scholarly journals BEYOND PSEUDO-ACCOMODATIVE CORNEA LASIK (PAC LASIK). A PERSONAL INSIGHT

2021 ◽  
pp. 200
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Patient’S Satisfaction ◽  
Optical Part ◽  
Personal Insight ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Mild Headache

Laser in-situ keratomieleusis (LASIK) is a common intervention for young, active, ametropic individuals to improve their visual acuity. pseudo-accommodative cornea (PAC), a variant of LASIK, to correct ametropia among presbyopic patients is proven in maintaining good distant vision; yet, the satisfactory spectacle free reading vision is limited to the ageing progression. However, successful treatments do not guarantee patient’s satisfaction. Assesment of the objective topographic indicators, visual acuity, higher order abrasion, and contrast sensitivity; revealed the clarification of a mild headache as a personal subjective experience after the treatment. The role of the persistent, dominant eye, the brain perception, seems to be critical factor to a patient’s satisfaction. To a certain degree, the interplay amongst the optical part and it’s supporting tissue, within and between the eyeballs, as well as its relationship to the neurosensory parts of the visual systems after Lasik surgery have not yet been assessed and reported elsewhere.

scholarly journals Detection of Astrovirus in a Cow with Neurological Signs by Nanopore Technology, Italy

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guendalina Zaccaria ◽  
Alessio Lorusso ◽  
Melanie M. Hierweger ◽  
Daniela Malatesta ◽  
Sabrina VP Defourny ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Rapid Diagnosis ◽  
Etiologic Agent ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Neurological Signs ◽  
Sequence Identity ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
The Brain

In this study, starting from nucleic acids purified from the brain tissue, Nanopore technology was used to identify the etiological agent of severe neurological signs observed in a cow which was immediately slaughtered. Histological examination revealed acute non-suppurative encephalomyelitis affecting the brainstem, cerebrum, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata, while by using PCR-based assays, the nucleic acids of major agents for neurological signs were not detected. By using Nanopore technology, 151 sequence reads were assigned to Bovine Astrovirus (BoAstV). Real-time RT-PCR and in situ hybridization (ISH) confirmed the presence of viral RNA in the brain. Moreover, using the combination of fluorescent ISH and immunofluorescence (IF) techniques, it was possible to detect BoAstV RNA and antigens in the same cells, suggesting the active replication of the virus in infected neurons. The nearly whole genome of the occurring strain (BoAstV PE3373/2019/Italy), obtained by Illumina NextSeq 500, showed the highest nucleotide sequence identity (94.11%) with BoAstV CH13/NeuroS1 26,730 strain, an encephalitis-associated bovine astrovirus. Here, we provide further evidence of the role of AstV as a neurotropic agent. Considering that in a high proportion of non-suppurative encephalitis cases, which are mostly indicative of a viral infection, the etiologic agent remains unknown, our result underscores the value and versatility of Nanopore technology for a rapid diagnosis when the PCR-based algorithm gives negative results.

scholarly journals Pathogenetical and Neurophysiological Features of Patients with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Phenomena and Diagnoses

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 1588
Author(s):  
Yunho Jin ◽  
Jeonghyun Choi ◽  
Seunghoon Lee ◽  
Jong Won Kim ◽  
Yonggeun Hong
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Neural Development ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Social Deficits ◽  
Restricted Interests ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Comorbidities ◽  
The Brain

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is accompanied by social deficits, repetitive and restricted interests, and altered brain development. The majority of ASD patients suffer not only from ASD itself but also from its neuropsychiatric comorbidities. Alterations in brain structure, synaptic development, and misregulation of neuroinflammation are considered risk factors for ASD and neuropsychiatric comorbidities. Electroencephalography has been developed to quantitatively explore effects of these neuronal changes of the brain in ASD. The pineal neurohormone melatonin is able to contribute to neural development. Also, this hormone has an inflammation-regulatory role and acts as a circadian key regulator to normalize sleep. These functions of melatonin may play crucial roles in the alleviation of ASD and its neuropsychiatric comorbidities. In this context, this article focuses on the presumable role of melatonin and suggests that this hormone could be a therapeutic agent for ASD and its related neuropsychiatric disorders.

scholarly journals The Role of Insulin Receptor Signaling in Zebrafish Embryogenesis

Endocrinology ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 149 (12) ◽  
pp. 5996-6005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuka Toyoshima ◽  
Christopher Monson ◽  
Cunming Duan ◽  
Yingjie Wu ◽  
Chuan Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Receptor ◽  
Metabolic Role ◽  
Expression Studies ◽  
Human Insulin Receptor ◽  
Insulin Receptor Signaling ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Gene Expression Studies ◽  
Zebrafish Embryogenesis ◽  
The Brain

Insulin receptor (IR) signaling is considered to be important in growth and development in addition to its major role in metabolic homeostasis. The metabolic role of insulin in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism is extensively studied. In contrast, the role of IR activation during embryogenesis is less understood. To address this, we examined the function of the IR during zebrafish development. Zebrafish express two isoforms of IR (insra and insrb). Both isoforms were cloned and show high homology to the human insulin receptor and can functionally substitute for the human IR in fibroblasts derived from insr gene-deleted mice. Gene expression studies reveal that these receptors are expressed at moderate levels in the central nervous system during development. Morpholino-mediated selective knockdown of each of the IR isoforms causes growth retardation and profound morphogenetic defects in the brain and eye. These results clearly demonstrate that IR signaling plays essential roles in vertebrate embryogenesis and growth.

scholarly journals Overexpression of human IGF-II mRNA in the brain of transgenic mice modulates IGFBP-2 gene expression in the medulla oblongata

2004 ◽  
Vol 182 (3) ◽  
pp. 445-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
CM Reijnders ◽  
JG Koster ◽  
SC van Buul-Offers
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Mice ◽  
Choroid Plexus ◽  
Expression Pattern ◽  
Medulla Oblongata ◽  
Granular Layer ◽  
Piriform Cortex ◽  
Igf I ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

The insulin-like growth factors, IGF-I and IGF-II, and their binding proteins play an important role in the growth and development of the central nervous system. In the brain, colocalization of IGFs and IGFBPs often occurs, suggesting that IGFBPs can modulate IGF action. In one strain of our human (h)IGF-II transgenic mice, which carry an hIGF-II transgene driven by the H-2Kb promoter, we found overexpression of hIGF-II in the brain, as measured by Northern blot analysis. To clarify the localization and influence of the hIGF-II transgene on different components of the GH-IGF axis in the brain, we studied the expression pattern of the hIGF-II transgene, endogenous IGF-I and IGF-II, and IGFBP-2, -3 and -5 in the brain of prepubertal 4-week-old mice, using nonradioactive in situ hybridization. We found that the hIGF-II transgene is exclusively expressed in neurons of the piriform cortex, the cerebral cortex, the medulla oblongata and the granular layer of the cerebellum. In general, this pattern is comparable to the expression pattern of endogenous IGF-I, with a few exceptions: there is no expression of IGF-I in the granular layer of the cerebellum, whereas the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum and thalamus both express IGF-I but no hIGF-II transgene. This hIGF-II transgene expression pattern contrasts markedly with endogenous IGF-II expression, which is mainly located in nonneuronal cells such as the meninges and choroid plexus, and in some nuclei of the medulla oblongata. The hIGF-II transgene affects neither endogenous IGF-I and IGF-II expression, nor the expression of IGFBP-3, which is located in the choroid plexus. Although the hIGF-II transgene is expressed in neuronal structures similar to IGF-I and IGFBP-5, it is not able to regulate IGFBP-5 expression, as has previously been reported for IGF-I. In the medulla oblongata, the IGFBP-2 expression level showed 10-fold upregulation by the transgene, suggesting a modulating role for IGFBP-2 at the hIGF-II transgene action in this region.

scholarly journals Plac1 Expression Pattern at the Mouse Fetomaternal Interface and Involvement in Trophoblast Differentiation

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 2001-2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanli Gu ◽  
Junhui Wan ◽  
Lv Yao ◽  
Nan-Ni Peng ◽  
Wen-Lin Chang
Keyword(s):  
Expression Pattern ◽  
Giant Cells ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Trophoblast Differentiation ◽  
Spatiotemporal Expression ◽  
Trophoblast Stem Cell ◽  
Trophoblast Giant Cells ◽  
Ectoplacental Cone

Background/Aims: It is well known that Plac1 is a placenta-specific gene; however, its spatiotemporal expression pattern and exact role at t h e mouse fetomaternal interface r e m a i n s unclear. Methods: In situ hybridization (ISH) was used to localize the Plac1 mRNA at the mouse fetomaternal interface. A trophoblast stem cell (TS) differentiation model with Plac1 shRNA-overexpressing lentivirus was employed to investigate the possible role of Plac1 in placentation. Real-time RT-PCR was used to detect changes in gene expression. Results: Plac1 was exclusively expressed in the ectoplacental cone (EPC) as well as in 8.5 and 9.5 days post-coitum (dpc) embryos. Subsequently, Plac1 expression was abundant in the spongiotrophoblast layer and moderately in the labyrinth layer until 13.5 dpc, and declined thereafter. Interestingly, Plac1 was also expressed by secondary trophoblast giant cells and glycogen trophoblast cells, but not in primary trophoblast giant cells. Plac1 transcription was increased during the TS differentiation (P < 0.01), and knockdown of Plac1 significantly impaired TS differentiation. Conclusion: Plac1 is abundantly expressed at the fetomaternal interface and in all trophoblast subtypes except in primary trophoblast giant cells. Plac1 knockdown retarded the progress of TS differentiation, indicating that Plac1 is necessary for normal trophoblast differentiation into various trophoblast subpopulations.

scholarly journals The Involvement of the Androgen Receptor in the Secretion of the Epididymalcorpusin the LizardPodarcis sicula

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariailaria Verderame
Keyword(s):  
Androgen Receptor ◽  
Estrogen Receptors ◽  
Expression Pattern ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Secretory Activity ◽  
Seasonal Breeding ◽  
Podarcis Sicula ◽  
Mating Period

A crucial role in the maintenance of male reproductive functions is carried out by the androgen through its receptor in balance with the estrogen receptors (ERs). The distribution of the androgen receptor (AR) is well documented in the testis and in the reproductive tissues of mammals but the findings about the AR in nonmammalian vertebrates and in particular in reptiles are very scarce. Here by means ofin situhybridization (ISH) we investigated the AR expression along the epididymal channel (efferent ductules,corpus, andcauda) ofPodarcis siculaduring the mating and nonmating period. The results show that in this seasonal breeding species the AR expression pattern is always constant throughout the epididymis. The administration of estradiol-17βin the mating period does not affect the AR expression but inhibits the secretory activity of the epididymalcorpus. To verify the expression pattern of ERs, we also conducted ISH investigations on adjacent sections with ERs probes. The findings suggest that AR induces the secretory activity in the epithelial cells of the epididymalcorpusand confirm our previous results that showed the role of ERalpha (ERα) as switch off for the secretion of this compartment.

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