The effect of 3-acetylpyridine on the explanted chick embryo

Development ◽  
1967 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 239-246
Author(s):  
B. J. Buckingham ◽  
Heinz Herrmann
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Nicotinic Acid ◽  
Yolk Sac ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Structural Analogue ◽  
Teratogenic Effects ◽  
Simultaneous Injection ◽  
Physiological Abnormalities ◽  
Explanted Chick Embryo

A structural analogue of nicotinic acid, 3-acetylpyridine, has been shown to produce morphological and physiological abnormalities in a variety of organisms. The effect of 3-acetylpyridine (AP) on chick embryos has been studied by several investigators using the technique of yolk-sac injection (Ackermann & Taylor, 1948; Zwilling & DeBell, 1950; Landauer, 1957; Herrmann, Clark & Landauer, 1963). Following AP treatment at 96 h of incubation, a reduction in body size, underdevelopment of leg musculature and edema were noted. Teratogenic effects of AP when administered after 24 h of incubation were much more diffuse and included instances of cerebral hernia and muscular hypoplasia (Landauer, 1957). Simultaneous injection of nicotinamide (Ackermann & Taylor, 1948; Landauer, 1957) decreased the incidence and severity of these conditions. Landauer (1957) noted the similarity of abnormalities found in AP-treated chick embryos to those of the crooked-neck dwarf mutant described by Asmundson (1945).

Protein Accumulation in Early Chick Embryos Grown under Different Conditions of Explantation

Development ◽  
1959 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-72
Author(s):  
L. Gwen Britt ◽  
Heinz Herrmann
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Slow Rate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Protein Accumulation ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Developmental Processes ◽  
Embryonic Tissues ◽  
Somite Formation ◽  
Explanted Chick Embryo

The recent development of techniques originally devised by Waddington (1932) for the maintenance of the explanted chick embryo (Spratt, 1947; New, 1955; Wolff & Simon, 1955) has opened the possibility of determining quantitatively some parameters of the developmental processes occurring in embryonic tissues under these conditions. As a result of such measurements, protein accumulation in explanted embryos was found to be much smaller than in embryos developing in the egg. On the other hand, the progress of somite formation was found to take place at similar rates in embryos developing as explants or in situ (Herrmann & Schultz, 1958). The slow rate of protein accumulation in the explanted embryos made it seem desirable to investigate whether under some other conditions of explantation protein accumulation would approach more closely the rate of protein formation observed in the naturally developing embryo.

The teratogenic effects of sugars on the chick embryo

Development ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 661-674
Author(s):  
A. F. Hughes ◽  
R. B. Freeman ◽  
T. Fadem
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Teratogenic Effects ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
Insoluble Form ◽  
Effect Of Treatment

The effect of treatment of chick embryos during the first day of incubation with a number of sugars is described. To some embryos solid sugars were applied in opened eggs; forothers the substances were injected in solution. By both methods, all sugars tested were found to be teratogenic, but no apparent general differences between mono-, di-, and trisaccharides were found. Nor were there any correlations between those which can be metabolised at these stages and their teratogenicity. The range of defects produced is similar to those found when embryos of this age are treated with other substances. In embryos treated with [14C] sucrose, some of the label is retained within the tissues in a bound, insoluble form. Possible implications of this finding are suggested.

scholarly journals Ex Ovo Model for Directly Visualizing Chick Embryo Development

2012 ◽  
Vol 74 (9) ◽  
pp. 628-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael I. Dorrell ◽  
Michael Marcacci ◽  
Stephen Bravo ◽  
Troy Kurz ◽  
Jacob Tremblay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Developmental Biology ◽  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Embryo Development ◽  
Grade Level ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Teratogenic Effects ◽  
Junior High Students ◽  
Chick Development

We describe a technique for removing and growing chick embryos in culture that utilizes relatively inexpensive materials and requires little space. It can be readily performed in class by university, high school, or junior high students, and teachers of any grade level should be able to set it up for their students. Students will be able to directly observe the chick’s development from 3 days post-fertilization to the point at which it would normally hatch. Observing embryonic development first hand, including the chick embryos’ natural movements, gives students a full appreciation for the complexity and wonder of development. Students can make detailed observations and drawings, and gain understanding of important principles in developmental biology. Finally, we suggest various ways in which this project can be adapted to allow students in advanced classes to design and implement their own projects for investigating teratogenic effects on development using the ex ovo model of chick development.

scholarly journals Isolation of trachoma virus from patients in West Africa

1960 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Sowa ◽  
L. H. Collier
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
West Africa ◽  
Bacterial Contamination ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Yolk Sac ◽  
The Gambia ◽  
Chick Embryos

1. By inoculating conjunctival scrapings into the chick embryo yolk-sac trachoma virus was isolated from twenty-four of thirty patients, whereas inclusions were demonstrated in only eighteen of them.2. Bacterial contamination of the chick embryos can be greatly reduced by treating the scrapings with streptomycin 20,000 μg./ml.3. In twenty-four of twenty-five isolations, virus was first detected in embryos inoculated directly with conjunctival material.4. The viruses usually kill the chick embryos, which may show haemorrhagic lesions, but it is not unusual for embryos to survive a large inoculum.5. The viruses isolated all appear in the chick embryo yolk sac as elementary bodies similar to other members of the psittacosis-lymphogranuloma group. Of the twenty-four strains, two also induced the formation of compact aggregates of elementary bodies containing a carbohydrate, probably glycogen.6. It is anticipated that this method of isolation will be useful in studying the virology and epidemiology of trachoma, in assessing the influence of treatment, and as a test of cure.We are deeply indebted to Dr I. A. McGregor for all the facilities made available to us at the M.R.C. Laboratories in the Gambia. Our thanks are also due to the medical officers and sisters at the research ward for their kindness and unfailing co-operation in the care of those trachomatous patients who had to be hospitalized. The excellent technical assistance of Miss A. M. Fischer is gratefully acknowledged.

scholarly journals Response of the chick embryo to live and heat-killedCampylobacter jejuniinjected into the yolk sac

1989 ◽  
Vol 103 (3) ◽  
pp. 577-585 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Clark ◽  
D. H. Bueschkens
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Virulent Strain ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Yolk Sac ◽  
Relative Order ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Viable Cells ◽  
Strain Dependent

SUMMARYGraded doses of live and heat-killed cells ofCampylobacter jejuniwere injected into the yolk-sac of 5-day-old chick embryos, and the 50% lethal dose (LD50) was determined 7 days later. A strain dependent virulence was seen. In the diluted series of cultures the LD50values for live campylobacter ranged from 106c.f.u. beyond the last dilution showing growth, that is to less than one organism per embryo. When the 22 strains were tested as heat-killed cells, the chick embryo LD50values retained the same relative order of toxicity obtained with viable cells, but the LD50values were increased by + 1 to + 4 log units. Heat-killed cells from strains known to be invasive, but non-toxigenic, were still lethal for the embryos, suggesting that viability was not solely necessary for virulence. Semi-pure lipopolysaccharide from a non-virulent strain ofC. jejuniwas not toxic to the embryos, but semi-pure and ultracentrifuge-purified lipopolysaccharide from the most lethal campylobacter strains gave LD50values in the order of 3·0 μg lipopolysaccharide per ml (0·6 µg per embryo) in the yolk-sac assay. No relationship between serotype and lethality was seen. Injection into the yolk-sac appears to be an easy, rapid and reproduciblein vivoassay of the virulence ofC. jejuni.

Teratogenic effects of calcium salts on chick embryos

Development ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-118
Author(s):  
Casimer T. Grabowski
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Chloride Solution ◽  
Yolk Sac ◽  
Calcium Chloride Solution ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Calcium Pantothenate ◽  
White Leghorn ◽  
Teratogenic Effects ◽  
Calcium Salts ◽  
Low Dosage

This investigation began as an attempt to protect chick embryos from the teratogenic effects of hypoxia by means of exogenously applied calcium pantothenate. The attempt was not only a failure, but it appeared that the compound alone was highly teratogenic. Since it was disturbing to consider that a vitamin, in low dosage, was teratogenic, the phenomenon was studied further by injecting equivalent concentrations of other calcium salts into the embryo. It quickly became apparent that very small quantities of calcium chloride solution injected into either the subgerminal area of the yolk sac or the allantois also produced pronounced abnormalities. All the eggs used in these experiments were obtained from hens of the Kimber strain of White Leghorn. The eggs were stored in a refrigerator, kept at 10 °C, and used within one week of laying. The eggs were incubated for 2–5 days prior to injection.

The teratogenic effects in rabbits of doxycycline, dissolved in polyvinylpyrrolidone, injected into the yolk sac

Teratology ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uwe Claussen ◽  
Hans-Willi Breuer
Keyword(s):  
Yolk Sac ◽  
Teratogenic Effects

Teratogenic Effects of Herpes Simplex, Vaccinia, Influenza - A (NWS), and Distemper Virus Infections on Early Chick Embryos.

1956 ◽  
Vol 92 (4) ◽  
pp. 675-682 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. D. Heath ◽  
H. H. Shear ◽  
D. T. Imagawa ◽  
M. H. Jones ◽  
J. M. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Teratogenic Effects

Early changes in limb buds of chick embryos after thalidomide treatment

Development ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-300
Author(s):  
A. Jurand
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Experimental Production ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Teratogenic Effects ◽  
Limb Buds ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Thalidomide Treatment

Since the first observations of hypoplastic and aplastic thalidomide deformities in infants (McBride, 1961; Lenz, 1962), the literature on this subject has grown to many hundreds of communications. Experimental investigations in almost all cases have been undertaken to show whether thalidomide and its metabolites have any teratogenic effects in experimental animals. Numerous review papers are available on this subject, e.g. Giroud, Tuchmann-Duplessis & Mercier-Parot (1962), Somers (1963), and Salzgeber & Wolff (1964). Chick embryos did not seem for some time to be suitable for experimental production of typical thalidomide deformities. However, Kemper (1962a, b), Yang, Yang & Liang (1962). Boylen, Home & Johnson (1963) and Leone (1963) have shown that thalidomide can produce a whole range of ectromelian deformities provided that it is introduced into the egg at a particular period of embryonic development.

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