Cell contacts and sorting out in vivo: the behaviour of some embryonic tissues implanted into the developing chick wing

Development ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 225-237
Author(s):  
C. Tickle ◽  
M. Goodman ◽  
L. Wolpert
Keyword(s):  
Neural Tube ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Neural Retina ◽  
Limb Bud ◽  
Embryonic Liver ◽  
Malignant Cells ◽  
Embryonic Tissues ◽  
Mixed Aggregates ◽  
Wing Bud

The interaction of cells from embryonic liver, neural retina and mesonephros with cells from limb-bud mesenchyme has been investigated in vivo by grafting these tissues into the developing chick wing-bud. The implanted cells were in all cases from quail tissue which can be recognized histologically. As embryonic liver and neural tube are tissues that sort externally to limb-bud mesenchyme in mixed aggregates, it would be expected, from a differential adhesiveness hypothesis, that heterotypic adhesions along the borders of graft and host would be favoured over cell-cell adhesions in the graft. No morphological signs of this were evident: rather the grafted cells maximized like-like contacts. The cells of the grafts, including those from control mesenchyme, did not invade into the wing. The results were the same irrespective of whether the graft was a fragment of tissue or a pellet of reaggregated cells. This supports the idea that cells within tissues are not actively moving around and also provides controls for assaying the invasiveness of other cell types, such as malignant cells into the wing.

scholarly journals Experimental studies on the differentiation of embryonic tissues growing in vivo and in vitro .—II. The development of the isolated early embryonic eye of the fowl when cultivated in vitro

1926 ◽  
Vol 100 (703) ◽  
pp. 273-283 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Research ◽  
Research Council ◽  
Medical Research Council ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Limb Bud ◽  
Progressive Development ◽  
Embryonic Tissues ◽  
Self Differentiation

In a previous communication (Strangeways and Fell, 1926) it was shown that if the undifferentiated limb-bud of the embryonic Fowl was cultivated in vitro , it underwent a considerable amount of progressive development. This capacity for independent development in vitro possessed by an isolated organ has been further investigated, and for these later experiments the writers have employed the early embryonic eye, a structure endowed with more complex potentialities than the limb-bud. As a result of these experiments it was found that the eyes of young Fowl embryos possess, in a remarkable degree, the faculty for self-differentiation in vitro and for “organotypic” growth as defined by Maximow (1925). The previous work on organotypic growth in vitro has already been briefly outlined in the writers’ earlier paper and need not be discussed here. The expenses connected with the experiments described in this communication were met by the Medical Research Council, to whom the writers desire to express their thanks.

Control of dorsoventral pattern in vertebrate neural development: induction and polarizing properties of the floor plate

Development ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 113 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 105-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marysia Placzek ◽  
Toshiya Yamada ◽  
Marc Tessier-Lavigne ◽  
Thomas Jessell ◽  
Jane Dodd
Keyword(s):  
Neural Tube ◽  
Neural Development ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Floor Plate ◽  
Neural Cells ◽  
Dorsoventral Patterning ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Cell Position

Distinct classes of neural cells differentiate at specific locations within the embryonic vertebrate nervous system. To define the cellular mechanisms that control the identity and pattern of neural cells we have used a combination of functional assays and antigenic markers to examine the differentiation of cells in the developing spinal cord and hindbrain in vivo and in vitro. Our results suggest that a critical step in the dorsoventral patterning of the embryonic CNS is the differentiation of a specialized group of midline neural cells, termed the floor plate, in response to local inductive signals from the underlying notochord. The floor plate and notochord appear to control the pattern of cell types that appear along the dorsoventral axis of the neural tube. The fate of neuroepithelial cells in the ventral neural tube may be defined by cell position with respect to the ventral midline and controlled by polarizing signals that originate from the floor plate and notochord.

Cellular patterning of fast and slow fibres in the intermandibularis muscle of chick embryos

Development ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 117 (1) ◽  
pp. 329-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.G. Robson
Keyword(s):  
Cell Types ◽  
Specific Pattern ◽  
Slow Muscle ◽  
Limb Bud ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Myogenic Cells ◽  
Lower Jaw ◽  
Cellular Pattern

The way in which the pattern of cell types arises during development of individual muscles was explored. The pattern of cellular differentiation resulting from the synthesis of particular fast and slow myosin heavy chains (MyHC) was investigated in the intermandibularis muscle in the lower jaw of chick embryos. The intermandibularis muscle has a proximodistal pattern of fibre type distribution. The distal region of the muscle contains a ratio of 1.5:1 fast to slow muscle fibres, which increases to > 2.5:1 in the proximal region. The intermandibularis muscle is assembled in a proximodistal sequence, with both fast and slow muscle cells differentiating within the earliest muscle and then establishing the specific pattern of cell types. This pattern is not dependent on a specific innervation source, as normal lower jaw muscles develop and the intermandibularis has the same graded cellular pattern when the mandibular primordium is grafted to the limb bud stump. Micromass cultures were used to explore the pool of potentially myogenic cells that are available to construct the muscles. Even before the muscle differentiates in vivo, both fast and slow cells are present in the primordia. These potentially myogenic cells are already distributed within the primordium in a proximodistal fashion that mimics the cellular pattern found in the muscle that develops.

The analysis of spatial distributions in mixed cell populations: a statistical method for detecting sorting out

Development ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-156
Author(s):  
R. A. Elton ◽  
C. A. Tickle
Keyword(s):  
Plant Communities ◽  
Quantitative Measure ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Limb Bud ◽  
Cell Populations ◽  
Spatial Distributions ◽  
Mixed Cell ◽  
Mixed Aggregates ◽  
Chick Heart ◽  
Gyratory Shaker

1. This work presents a quantitative measure, α, of the degree of segregation of two cell types in sections of aggregates, and some results obtained with the measure relating to ‘sorting out’. The method is designed particularly for the case where labelling of one type of cell is incomplete, and the importance of this effect is assessed. Possible problems in formulating such a model are discussed. The measure α is compared with methods used in investigations of segregation in plant communities. 2. Segregation of chick heart and limb-bud cells in mixed aggregates has been analysed using α. In control aggregates of mixtures of labelled and unlabelled cells of one type, α is near to its random value of 1, and we suggest that the departure from random can be adequately accounted for by cell division. In mixed aggregates, significant segregation is consistently found, even in aggregates formed after 2 and 4 h. Both disaggregation procedures (EDTA, trypsin or trypsin + EDTA) and reaggregation methods (reciprocating or gyratory shaker) are found to have an effect on the degree of segregation. Possible reasons for these findings are discussed. 3. Positioning of the cells relative to the outside of aggregates is also investigated for some of the aggregates.

Regional differences in the morphology and motility of mesodermal cells from the early wing-bud of normal and talpid3 mutant chick embryos

Development ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 185-203
Author(s):  
D. A. Bell ◽  
D. A. Ede
Keyword(s):  
Regional Differences ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Distal Region ◽  
Limb Bud ◽  
Scanning Electron Micrographs ◽  
Normal Cells ◽  
Wing Bud ◽  
Scanning Electron

A method of culturing has been employed to compare the properties of cells migrating from small mesodermal explants taken from different regions of normal and mutant limb-buds at different stages of development. An analysis by time-lapse cinematography of the morphology and mobility of cells migrating from explants defines a distal region within the limb-bud where these properties are distinct from those of cells from more proximal regions. In the normal wing-bud distal cells subjacent to the apical ectodermal ridge possess a characteristic multipolar morphology and translocate slowly in vitro. Cells from more proximal regions tend to be bipolar and translocate more rapidly. Distal and proximal cells also probably differ in their adhesive strengths. In the mutant, talpid3, distal and proximal cells do not differ in the above properties and cells from all regions of the limb-bud are multipolar, translocate slowly and are more adhesive than normal cells. A study of light micrographs and scanning electron micrographs suggests that these regional differences are found in the limb-bud in vivo and are not merely an effect produced by the in vitro culturing system.

Histotypic Cell Aggregation in the Presence of Cytochalasin B

1974 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 651-663
Author(s):  
D. E. MASLOW ◽  
E. MAYHEW
Keyword(s):  
Cell Suspension ◽  
Cytochalasin B ◽  
Cell Aggregation ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Neural Retina ◽  
Heart Cell ◽  
Heart Cells ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Mixed Aggregates ◽  
Gyratory Shaker

A study was made of the effects of cytochalasin B on (a) specific sorting of reaggregating cells; (b) redistribution of cell types after treatment of preformed aggregates; and (c) the ability of aggregates of one cell type to incorporate and sort cells of another type. Freshly disaggregated neural retina and heart cells were cultured on a gyratory shaker at 70 rev/min and the aggregates formed analysed for sorting of cell types. Cytochalasin B disrupted the sorting of forming aggregates at concentrations of 1 µg/ml and greater. The distribution of cell types in aggregates that were treated with cytochalasin after 24 h of culture was more random than the control. Untreated cultures of retinal aggregates and heart cell suspension resulted in pure retinal and pure heart aggregates, but with more than 50 % mixed and sorted aggregates. Cytochalasin B treatment resulted in fewer mixed aggregates and a higher proportion of pure retina and pure heart aggregates.

scholarly journals Down-Regulation of Nucleosomal Binding Protein HMGN1 Expression during Embryogenesis Modulates Sox9 Expression in Chondrocytes

2006 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 592-604 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Furusawa ◽  
Jae-Hwan Lim ◽  
Frédéric Catez ◽  
Yehudit Birger ◽  
Susan Mackem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chromatin Remodeling ◽  
Chromatin Immunoprecipitation ◽  
Chondrogenic Differentiation ◽  
Nuclear Protein ◽  
Basal Layer ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Limb Bud ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Sox9 Expression

ABSTRACT We find that during embryogenesis the expression of HMGN1, a nuclear protein that binds to nucleosomes and reduces the compaction of the chromatin fiber, is progressively down-regulated throughout the entire embryo, except in committed but continuously renewing cell types, such as the basal layer of the epithelium. In the developing limb bud, the expression of HMGN1 is complementary to Sox9, a master regulator of the chondrocyte lineage. In limb bud micromass cultures, which faithfully mimic in vivo chondrogenic differentiation, loss of HMGN1 accelerates differentiation. Expression of wild-type HMGN1, but not of a mutant HMGN1 that does not bind to chromatin, in Hmgn1 −/− micromass cultures inhibits Sox9 expression and retards differentiation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis reveals that HMGN1 binds to Sox9 chromatin in cells that are poised to express Sox9. Loss of HMGN1 elevates the amount of HMGN2 bound to Sox9, suggesting functional redundancy among these proteins. These findings suggest a role for HMGN1 in chromatin remodeling during embryogenesis and in the activation of Sox9 during chondrogenesis.

Prevention of spinal neural tube defects in the mouse embryo by growth retardation during neurulation

Development ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.J. Copp ◽  
J.A. Crolla ◽  
F.A. Brook
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Neural Tube ◽  
Neural Tube Defects ◽  
Growth Retardation ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Growing Cell ◽  
Posterior Neuropore ◽  
Curly Tail

Homozygous mutant curly tail mouse embryos developing spinal neural tube defects (NTD) exhibit a cell-type-specific abnormality of cell proliferation that affects the gut endoderm and notochord but not the neuroepithelium. We suggested that spinal NTD in these embryos may result from the imbalance of cell proliferation rates between affected and unaffected cell types. In order to test this hypothesis, curly tail embryos were subjected to influences that retard growth in vivo and in vitro. The expectation was that growth of unaffected rapidly growing cell types would be reduced to a greater extent than affected slowly growing cell types, thus counteracting the genetically determined imbalance of cell proliferation rates and leading to normalization of spinal neurulation. Food deprivation of pregnant females for 48 h prior to the stage of posterior neuropore closure reduced the overall incidence of spinal NTD and almost completely prevented open spina bifida, the most severe form of spinal NTD in curly tail mice. Analysis of embryos earlier in gestation showed that growth retardation acts by reducing the incidence of delayed neuropore closure. Culture of embryos at 40.5 degrees C for 15–23 h from day 10 of gestation, like food deprivation in vivo, also produced growth retardation and led to normalization of posterior neuropore closure. Labelling of embryos in vitro with [3H]thymidine for 1 h at the end of the culture period showed that the labelling index is reduced to a greater extent in the neuroepithelium than in other cell types in growth-retarded embryos compared with controls cultured at 38 degrees C.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

scholarly journals CELL SORTING IN THE PRESENCE OF CYTOCHALASIN B

1972 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 542-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter B. Armstrong ◽  
David Parenti
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Cell Sorting ◽  
Cytochalasin B ◽  
Monolayer Culture ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Neural Retina ◽  
Limb Bud ◽  
Cell Contact ◽  
Adhesive Interaction ◽  
Cellular Locomotion

The ability of cytochalasin B to inhibit ruffled membrane activity and cellular locomotion of vertebrate cells in monolayer culture prompted its use to study the necessity for this kind of active cellular locomotion in cell sorting in heterotypic cell aggregates. Cell sorting was inhibited in chick embryo heart-pigmented retina aggregates but a remarkable degree of sorting did occur in neural retina-pigmented retina aggregates. In these experiments, the levels of cytochalasin B employed (5 or 10 µg/ml) are sufficient to inhibit completely locomotion of these cell types in monolayer culture. It is proposed that the degree of cell movement achieved during sorting in neural retina-pigmented retina aggregates in the presence of cytochalasin B is the result of changes in cell contact resulting from adhesive interaction of cells. The effect of cytochalasin B on the initial aggregation of dissociated cells was also tested. With the cell types used in this study (chick embryo neural retina and limb bud), aggregation was not affected for a period of several hours.

Survival of cells implanted in the embryonic chick limb bud: a difference between normal and malignant rat brain cells

1979 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-156
Author(s):  
C. Tickle ◽  
A. Crawley ◽  
J.P. Roscoe
Keyword(s):  
Rat Brain ◽  
Limb Bud ◽  
Embryonic Chick ◽  
Malignant Cells ◽  
Normal Cells ◽  
Embryonic Tissues ◽  
Tumour Formation ◽  
Normal Rat ◽  
Rat Brain Tissue ◽  
The Ideal

Cells from normal rat brain tissue did not survive and few cells could be found 1 d after grafting. In contrast, cells from a glioma and a carcinogen-treated rat brain survived well and many mitoses were observed. These malignant cells also invaded the limb. The behaviour of normal and malignant cells was followed at shorter times after grafting and some invasion by the normal cells was detected. The first signs of degeneration of normal cells were apparent around 7 h after grafting, and after this the grafts progressively deteriorated. These results support the ideal that the ability of cells to survive and grow in embryonic tissues is a characteristic of malignant cells. The findings are discussed in relation to mechanisms of tumour formation.

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