The genesis of membrane bone in the embryonic chick maxilla: epithelial-mesenchymal tissue recombination studies

Development ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 269-281
Author(s):  
Mary S. Tyler ◽  
David P. McCobb
Keyword(s):  
Bone Formation ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
Bone Grafts ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Embryonic Chick ◽  
Limb Buds ◽  
Mesenchymal Tissue ◽  
Membrane Bone ◽  
Tissue Recombination

In the present study, the question of whether a relatively non-specific epithelial requirement exists for membrane bone formation within the maxillary mesenchyme was investigated. Organ rudiments from embryonic chicks of three to five days of incubation (HH 18–25) were enzymatically separated into the epithelial and mesenchymal components. Maxillarymesenchyme (from embryos HH 18–19) which in the absence of epithelium will not form bone was recombined with epithelium from maxillae of similarly aged embryos (homotypichomochronic recombination) and of older embryos (HH 25) (homotypic-heterochronicrecombination). Heterotypic recombinations were made between maxillary mesenchyme (HH 18–19) and the epithelium from wing and hind-limb buds (HH 19–22). Recombinants were grown as grafts on thechorioallantoic membranes of host chick embryos. Grafts of intact maxillae, isolated maxillary mesenchyme, and isolated epithelia from the maxilla, wing-, and hind-limb buds weregrown as controls. The histodifferentiation of grafted intact maxillae was similar to that in vivo; both cartilage and membrane bone differentiated within the mesenchyme. Grafts of maxillary mesenchyme (from embryos HH 18–19) grown in the absence of epithelium formed cartilage but did not form membrane bone. Grafts of maxillary mesenchyme (from embryos HH 18–19) recombined with epithelium in homotypichomochronic, homotypic-heterochronic, and heterotypic tissue combinations formed membrane bone in addition to cartilage. These results indicate that maxillary mesenchyme requires the presence of epithelium to promote osteogenesis and that this epithelial requirement is relatively non-specific in terms of type and age of epithelium.

Quantitative Analysis of New Bone Formation in Various Bone Grafts by In - Vivo Tetracycline Labeling

1985 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Sang Cheol Seong ◽  
Young Min Kim ◽  
Han Koo Lee ◽  
In Ho Choi ◽  
Moon Sang Chung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Bone Formation ◽  
Bone Grafts ◽  
New Bone Formation ◽  
Tetracycline Labeling

scholarly journals Heterogeneity of proteoglycans in developing chick limb cartilage

1977 ◽  
Vol 164 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
N S Vasan ◽  
J W Lash
Keyword(s):  
Limb Bud ◽  
Embryonic Chick ◽  
Regulatory Factor ◽  
Limb Buds ◽  
Link Protein

Proteoglycan heterogeneity was studied during the maturation of embryonic-chick limb cartilage in vivo. The results suggest that during the differentiation of limb-bud cartilage the aggregated forms of proteoglycans increase between stages 24 and 35, whereas the non-aggregated or monomeric forms decrease. Only one link protein is found in stage-24 limb buds, whereas two are present at stage 35. Evidence suggests that the synthesis of link proteins may be a regulatory factor in limb chondrogenesis.

scholarly journals THE FINE STRUCTURE OF EMBRYONIC CHICK SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS DIFFERENTIATED IN VITRO

1967 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 445-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Shimada ◽  
D. A. Fischman ◽  
A. A. Moscona
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Fine Structure ◽  
Muscle Cells ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Cells ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Embryonic Chick ◽  
Developing Muscle

Dissociated myoblasts from 12-day chick embryos were cultured in monolayer, and the differentiation of skeletal muscle cells was studied by electron microscopy. The results have revealed a striking ultrastructural similarity between the in vivo and the in vitro developing muscle, particularly with respect to the myofibrils and sarcoplasmic reticulum. This study demonstrates that all the characteristic organelles of mature skeletal muscle can develop in vitro in the absence of nerves.

An analysis of the condensation process during chondrogenesis in the embryonic chick hind limb

Development ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 581-606
Author(s):  
P. V. Thorogood ◽  
J. R. Hinchliffe
Keyword(s):  
Hind Limb ◽  
Mesenchymal Cell ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Limb Bud ◽  
Condensation Process ◽  
Embryonic Chick ◽  
Cellular Events ◽  
Cell Counts

An analysis has been made of the pre-cartilaginous condensation stage in the development of the femur and tibia/fibula skeletal blastemata of the embryonic chick hind limb. Light microscopy serial sections were used to ‘map’ the mesenchymal cell condensations of both myogenic and chondrogenic anlagen in the limb-bud from stages 22 to 26 (Hamburger & Hamilton, 1951). Cell counts reveal that an increase in mesenchymal cell number per unit area occurs in the central chondrogenic locus at stage 24 (4½ days) prior to matrix formation. Electron microscopy, using a simultaneous double fixation with osmium and glutaraldehyde, reveals that the pre-chondrogenic cells are characterized by large areas of close surface contact between adjacent cells, as compared with the extensive intercellular spaces associated with undifferentiated mesenchymal cells. The results are discussed and related to other investigations of in vivo chondrogenesis and to analyses of cellular events during in vitro chondrogenesis. These observations are consistent with the theory that condensations are formed by a process of aggregation rather than by localized increased mitosis.

Inhibition of membrane bone formation by vitamin A in the embryonic chick mandible

1986 ◽  
Vol 214 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary S. Tyler ◽  
Rachel A. Dewitt-Stott
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Bone Formation ◽  
Embryonic Chick ◽  
Membrane Bone

The induction of neural crest-derived cartilage and bone by embryonic epithelia: an analysis of the mode of action of an epithelialmesenchymal interaction

Development ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 305-320
Author(s):  
Brian K. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Bone Formation ◽  
Neural Crest ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Chorioallantoic Membrane ◽  
Embryonic Chick ◽  
Membrane Bone ◽  
Trunk Neural Crest ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Induce Bone Formation

The formation of membrane bone from neural crest-derived mesenchyme of the maxillary and mandibular processes of the embryonic chick depends upon prior interactions between the mesenchyme and maxillary or mandibular epithelia. The present study explores the specificity of these interactions using tissue recombinations between heterotypic epithelia and mesenchyme. Mandibular and maxillary mesenchyme responded to maxillary and mandibular epithelia by forming bone. A third osteogenically inductive epithelium, the scleral epithelium with its specialized scleral papillae, also allowed mandibular mesenchyme to form bone, indicating that mesenchyme can form bone in response to osteogenic epithelia other than its own. Epithelia which normally do not induce membrane bone formation in situ (wing and leg bud, back and abdominal epithelia) also allowed mandibular epithelia to ossify as did mandibular epithelia from the 10-day-old foetal mouse. Thus this tissue interaction is neither site nor species specific. Mandibular epithelium allowed bone to form in osteogenic mesenchyme from the maxilla and the sclera of the chick and from the mouse mandible but would not induce bone formation from normally non-osteogenic mesenchyme of the limb buds, chorioallantoic membrane or trunk neural crest. The results obtained with all of the tissue recombinations were consistent with the epithelial- mesenchyme interactions that initiate osteogenesis in both the mandibular and the maxillary processes being permissive interactions. The distinction between permissive and instructive interactions is discussed.

IGF-I, insulin and FGFs induce outgrowth of the limb buds of amelic mutant chick embryos

Development ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 122 (4) ◽  
pp. 1323-1330 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.N. Dealy ◽  
R.A. Kosher
Keyword(s):  
Proper Time ◽  
Limb Bud ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
In Vitro Morphogenesis ◽  
Limb Buds ◽  
Limb Outgrowth ◽  
Igf I ◽  
High Level

IGF-I, insulin, FGF-2 and FGF-4 have been implicated in the reciprocal interactions between the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) and underlying mesoderm required for outgrowth and patterning of the developing limb. To study further the roles of these growth factors in limb outgrowth, we have examined their effects on the in vitro morphogenesis of limb buds of the amelic mutant chick embryos wingless (wl) and limbless (ll). Limb buds of wl and ll mutant embryos form at the proper time in development, but fail to undergo further outgrowth and subsequently degenerate. Wl and ll limb buds lack thickened AERs capable of promoting limb outgrowth, and their thin apical ectoderms fail to express the homeobox-containing gene Msx-2, which is highly expressed by normal AERs and has been implicated in regulating AER activity. Here we report that exogenous IGF-I and insulin, and, to a lesser extent, FGF-2 and FGF-4 induce the proliferation and directed outgrowth of explanted wl and ll mutant limb buds, which in vitro, like in vivo, normally fail to undergo outgrowth and degenerate. IGF-I and insulin, but not FGFs, also cause the thin apical ectoderms of wl and ll limb buds to thicken and form structures that grossly resemble normal AERs and, moreover, induce high level expression of Msx-2 in these thickened AER-like structures. Neither IGF-I, insulin nor FGFs induce expression of the homeobox-containing gene Msx-1 in the subapical mesoderm of wl or ll limb buds, although FGFs, but not IGF-I or insulin, maintain Msx-1 expression in normal (non-mutant) limb bud explants lacking an AER. The implications of these results to the relationships among the wl and ll genes, IGF-I/insulin, FGFs, Msx-2 and Msx-1 in the regulation of limb outgrowth is discussed.

scholarly journals Biomimetic vascularized adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells bone-periosteum graft enhances angiogenesis and osteogenesis in a rabbit spine fusion model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsai-Sheng Fu ◽  
Wei-Chuan Chen ◽  
Ying-Chih Wang ◽  
Chia-Wei Chang ◽  
Tung-Yi Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Bone Formation ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Cell Sheet ◽  
Biomechanical Testing ◽  
Bone Grafts ◽  
Vascularized Bone

Abstract BackgroundSeveral artificial bone grafts have been developed for bone reconstruction but fail to achieve anticipated osteogenesis due to their insufficient neovascularization capacity. Besides, periosteum plays an essential role in the neovascularization process in bone formation and healing. The aim of this study was to develop a cell-based biomimetic vascularized bone-periosteum construct (VBPC) to provide better neovascularization for osteogenesis and bone regeneration.MethodsTwenty-four male New Zealand white rabbits were divided into four groups according to the experimental materials. We first cultured adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AMSCs) and seeded them evenly in the collagen/chitosan sheet to form an AMSCs-sheet-engineered periosteum. Simultaneously, the AMSCs were seeded onto alginate scaffolds and were cultured to differentiate to endothelial-like cells to form vascularized bone constructs (VBC). The success of endothelial differentiation was confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence staining analysis. The AMSCs-sheet-engineered periosteum was wrapped onto VBC to create biomimetic VBPC, which was then implanted in bilateral L4-5 intertransverse space of rabbit. The acellular alginate-sheet construct, VBC, and non-vascularized AMSCs-alginate-periosteum construct were used as controls. At 12 weeks after implantation, the bone-forming capacities of the constructs were determined by computed tomography, biomechanical testing, histology, and immunohistochemistry staining analyses.ResultsTwelve weeks after implantation, the VBPC group significantly increased new bone formation volume than the control groups. Biomechanical testing demonstrated a higher torque strength in the VBPC group, and suggested that the cell sheet played a critical role for mechanical support. Notably, the hematoxylin and eosin, Masson’s trichrome, and immunohistochemistry stained histologic results revealed that the VBPC group promoted the formation of blood vessels and new bones in the L4-5 intertransverse fusion areas.ConclusionsThe tissue-engineered biomimetic VBPC showed great capability in promoting angiogenesis and osteogenesis in vivo. The VBPC may overcome the deficits of traditional bone grafts. These findings suggest a novel approach to improve the timely formation of blood vessels from bone substitutes and provide an ideal source for bone regeneration.

Dexamethasone Effect on Embryonic Chick Respiratory Epithelium

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 248-249
Author(s):  
M.R. Richter ◽  
R.V. Blystone
Keyword(s):  
Lung Development ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Respiratory Epithelium ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Embryonic Chick ◽  
White Leghorn ◽  
Lung Maturation ◽  
Synthetic Analogs ◽  
Lung Physiology ◽  
Avian Lung

Dexamethasone and other synthetic analogs of corticosteroids have been employed clinically as enhancers of lung development. The mechanism(s) by which this steroid induction of later lung maturation operates is not clear. This study reports the effect on lung epithelia of dexamethasone administered at different intervals during development. White Leghorn chick embryos were used so as to remove possible maternal and placental influences on the exogenously applied steroid. Avian lung architecture does vary from mammals; however, respiratory surfactant produced by the lung epithelia serves an equally critical role in avian lung physiology.

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