Cautery-induced colour patterns in Precis coenia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

Development ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-203
Author(s):  
H. F. Nijhout
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulations ◽  
Hind Wing ◽  
Wing Surface ◽  
Colour Pattern ◽  
Physiological Conditions ◽  
Classical Work ◽  
Pattern Determination ◽  
Colour Patterns ◽  
Experimental Findings ◽  
Precis Coenia

Cautery of the dorsal hind wing in the butterfly, Precis coenia, induces the formation of a concentric colour pattern around the site of injury. The induced pattern is identical in pigmentation to the eyespots that normally develop on this wing surface. This response to cautery also occurs, though much less dramatically, on the ventral forewing. In addition to the peculiar response to cautery, the dorsal hindwing of Precis also develops a series of unique pattern aberrations in response to coldshock. These consist of irregular elongation of the anterior eyespot along the proximodistal axis of the wing. In the most dramatic aberrations the eyespot field covers the entire anterior half of the wing surface. An analysis is presented that attempts to reconcile the effects of cautery on the Precis hindwing with the very different morphological effects of cautery on the colour pattern of Ephestia kühniella, described by Kühn & Von Engelhardt. Computer simulations reveal that the finding presented in this paper, as well as the classical work on Ephestia, can both be explained by assuming that the site of cautery becomes a sink for one of the morphogens involved in colour pattern determination. The experimental findings furthermore indicate that minor perturbations of the wing epidermis can evoke the physiological conditions that attend normal eyespot determination. It is shown that this interpretation also helps to explain the unusual pattern modifications following coldshock.

Colour pattern modification by coldshock in Lepidoptera

Development ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 287-305
Author(s):  
H. Frederik Nijhout
Keyword(s):  
Colour Pattern ◽  
Gradient System ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Vanessa Cardui ◽  
Adult Wing ◽  
Wing Patterns ◽  
Pattern Determination ◽  
Colour Patterns ◽  
Precis Coenia ◽  
Morphological Series

When young pupae of Vanessa cardui, V. virginiensis and Precis coenia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) are exposed to severe coldshock many develop aberrant adult wing patterns. For each species, a synchronous cohort of experimental animals always develops a broad range of aberrant pattern morphologies but these can always be arranged in a single unbranched morphological series. When such phenotypic series are compared, between species and between wing surfaces within a species (each wing surface usually bears a different colour pattern), many parallel modifications and trends become evident. These parallelisms reveal certain homologies of pattern elements and suggest that a common physiology underlies the development of a considerable diversity of normal and aberrant colour patterns. The case is made that the phenotypic series produced may represent either a series of sequential stages in colour pattern determination or, a series of quantitatively different ‘interpretations’ of an established gradient system. Colour pattern morphoclines reveal which patterns are developmentally ‘adjacent’ to one another and may therefore prove useful in elucidating the evolution of patterns.

scholarly journals Coloration using higher order optical interference in the wing pattern of the Madagascan sunset moth

2007 ◽  
Vol 5 (21) ◽  
pp. 457-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Yoshioka ◽  
T Nakano ◽  
Y Nozue ◽  
S Kinoshita
Keyword(s):  
Multilayer Structure ◽  
Hind Wing ◽  
Ventral Side ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Dorsal Side ◽  
Colour Pattern ◽  
Optical Interference ◽  
Wing Scale ◽  
Abrupt Changes ◽  
Colour Patterns

Colour patterns of animals' bodies are usually produced by the spatial distribution of pigments with different colours. However, some animals use the spatial variation of colour-producing microstructures. We have studied one distinctive example of such structurally produced colour patterns, the wing of the Madagascan sunset moth, to clarify the physical rules that underlie the colour variation. It is known that the iridescent wing scale of the sunset moth has the alternate air–cuticle multilayer structure that causes optical interference. The microscopic and optical investigations of various parts of the wing have confirmed that the thickness of the cuticle layers within the scale largely varies to produce the colour pattern. However, it varies in very different ways between the dorsal and ventral sides of the hind wing; the thickness gradually varies on the dorsal side from scale to scale, while the abrupt changes are found on the ventral side to form distinctive borders between differently coloured areas. It is also revealed that an unusual coloration mechanism is involved in the green part of the ventral hind wing: the colour is caused by higher order optical interference of the highly non-ideal multilayer structure. The physical mechanism of the colour pattern formation is briefly discussed with the several mathematical models proposed so far.

scholarly journals Colour pattern regulation after surgery on the wing disks of Precis coenia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

Development ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 102 (2) ◽  
pp. 377-385
Author(s):  
H.F. Nijhout ◽  
L.W. Grunert
Keyword(s):  
Colour Pattern ◽  
Central Field ◽  
Wing Margin ◽  
Cut Edge ◽  
Wing Disk ◽  
Developmental Disturbances ◽  
Pattern Determination ◽  
Precis Coenia ◽  
Pattern Regulation

Partial ablations were done in situ on the imaginal disks of the hindwing in larvae of Precis coenia at ages between 2 and 9 days prior to pupation. While there was no regeneration of the wing lamina, the cut edge developed normal marginal scales and a marginal colour pattern if the ablation was done more than 3–5 days prior to pupation. The response of elements of the marginal colour pattern to partial ablation of the wing disk indicates that the wing margin has an important role in colour pattern determination and appears to act as a sink for a pattern-inducing signal. While the elements of the marginal colour pattern regulate to the shape and position of the new wing margin, the eyespots changed their shape and size but not their position upon partial ablation of the wing disk. When a cut was positioned near one of the dorsal eyespots, the outer rings of the eyespot opened up so that its central field became contiguous with the new margin. The behaviour of the dorsal eyespots of the hindwing in response to ablation of the wing disk, as well as to other developmental disturbances, appears to be the reverse of those on the forewing and ventral hindwing. We conclude that the central field of a dorsal eyespot and the wing margin share similar controlling properties with respect to pattern, and that both appear to act as sinks or as the inverse of the sources of pattern-inducing signal found in the eyespots of the forewing.

scholarly journals Dog colour patterns explained by modular promoters of ancient canid origin

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danika L. Bannasch ◽  
Christopher B. Kaelin ◽  
Anna Letko ◽  
Robert Loechel ◽  
Petra Hug ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colour Pattern ◽  
Hair Cycle ◽  
Temporal And Spatial Distribution ◽  
Multiple Alleles ◽  
Haplotype Combination ◽  
Regulatory Modules ◽  
Regulatory Module ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Colour Patterns

AbstractDistinctive colour patterns in dogs are an integral component of canine diversity. Colour pattern differences are thought to have arisen from mutation and artificial selection during and after domestication from wolves but important gaps remain in understanding how these patterns evolved and are genetically controlled. In other mammals, variation at the ASIP gene controls both the temporal and spatial distribution of yellow and black pigments. Here, we identify independent regulatory modules for ventral and hair cycle ASIP expression, and we characterize their action and evolutionary origin. Structural variants define multiple alleles for each regulatory module and are combined in different ways to explain five distinctive dog colour patterns. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that the haplotype combination for one of these patterns is shared with Arctic white wolves and that its hair cycle-specific module probably originated from an extinct canid that diverged from grey wolves more than 2 million years ago. Natural selection for a lighter coat during the Pleistocene provided the genetic framework for widespread colour variation in dogs and wolves.

Molecular phylogeny of Clibanarius Dana, 1852 from the Indo-West Pacific: evolution of pereopod colour pattern and habitat adaptation

Crustaceana ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 92 (7) ◽  
pp. 799-839 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akihiro Yoshikawa ◽  
Kazuho Ikeo ◽  
Junichi Imoto ◽  
Wachirah Jaingam ◽  
Lily Surayya Eka Putri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Histone H3 ◽  
Hermit Crabs ◽  
Colour Pattern ◽  
12S Rrna ◽  
Habitat Adaptation ◽  
Soft Sediments ◽  
Mitochondrial 12S Rrna ◽  
Nuclear Histone ◽  
Colour Patterns ◽  
Hard Substrates

Abstract Species of hermit crabs in the genus Clibanarius Dana, 1852 have adapted to various environments in the intertidal areas, including hard substrates and soft sediments. These species often bear a close morphological resemblance to each other, therefore, the colouration on the pereopods can be one of the reliable characteristics to distinguish the species. However, the evolutionary relationships among species with different colour patterns and relationships between colour patterns and habitat adaptation have not previously been investigated. Therefore, we reconstructed the phylogenetic relationships among 19 species of Clibanarius based on mitochondrial [12S rRNA, 16S rRNA and cytochrome oxidase I] and nuclear [histone H3] DNA markers. The results suggest that the striped and solid colour elements have evolved multiple times independently, with the ancestral colour pattern potentially being scattered, bright colour spots with a bright colour band. Our findings also suggest that evolutionary adaptation from hard substrates to mudflats and soft sediments may have occurred at least twice.

scholarly journals Sexually dimorphic dorsal coloration in a jumping spider: testing a potential case of sex-specific mimicry

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 210308
Author(s):  
Collette Cook ◽  
Erin C. Powell ◽  
Kevin J. McGraw ◽  
Lisa A. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Colour Pattern ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Sham Control ◽  
Jumping Spider ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Potential Case ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
Colour Patterns ◽  
Hymenopteran Insects ◽  
Predation Rates

To avoid predation, many animals mimic behaviours and/or coloration of dangerous prey. Here we examine potential sex-specific mimicry in the jumping spider Habronattus pyrrithrix . Previous work proposed that males' conspicuous dorsal coloration paired with characteristic leg-waving (i.e. false antennation) imperfectly mimics hymenopteran insects (e.g. wasps and bees), affording protection to males during mate-searching and courtship. By contrast, less active females are cryptic and display less leg-waving. Here we test the hypothesis that sexually dimorphic dorsal colour patterns in H. pyrrithrix are most effective when paired with sex-specific behaviours. We manipulated spider dorsal coloration with makeup to model the opposite sex and exposed them to a larger salticid predator ( Phidippus californicus ). We predicted that males painted like females should suffer higher predation rates than sham-control males. Likewise, females painted like males should suffer higher predation rates than sham-control females. Contrary to expectations, spiders with male-like coloration were attacked more than those with female-like coloration, regardless of their actual sex. Moreover, males were more likely to be captured, and were captured sooner, than females (regardless of colour pattern). With these unexpected negative results, we discuss alternative functional hypotheses for H. pyrrithrix colours, as well as the evolution of defensive coloration generally.

scholarly journals Scrapie-resistant sheep show certain coat colour characteristics

2009 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. SAWALHA ◽  
L. BELL ◽  
S. BROTHERSTONE ◽  
I. WHITE ◽  
A. J. WILSON ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Linear Model ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
Coat Colour ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Colour Pattern ◽  
Reverse Pattern ◽  
Colour Patterns ◽  
Log Linear ◽  
The Relationship

SummarySusceptibility to scrapie is known to be associated with polymorphisms at the prion protein (PrP) gene, and this association is the basis of current selective programmes implemented to control scrapie in many countries. However, these programmes might have unintended consequences for other traits that might be associated withPrPgenotype. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship betweenPrPgenotype and coat colour characteristics in two UK native sheep breeds valued for their distinctive coat colour patterns. Coat colour pattern, darkness and spotting andPrPgenotype records were available for 11 674 Badgerfaced Welsh Mountain and 2338 Shetland sheep. The data were analysed with a log–linear model using maximum likelihood. Results showed a strong significant association ofPrPgenotype with coat colour pattern in Badgerfaced Welsh Mountain and Shetland sheep and with the presence of white spotting in Shetland sheep. Animals with the ARR/ARR genotype (the most scrapie resistant) had higher odds of having a light dorsum and a dark abdomen than the reverse pattern. The implication of these associations is that selection to increase resistance to scrapie based only onPrPgenotype could result in change in morphological diversity and affect other associated traits such as fitness.

The immature stages of the genus Trepobates Uhler (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Gerridae), with an identification key to instars and the description of the nymphs of T. taylori (Kirkaldy)

Zootaxa ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 2733 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
SUSANA AMANDA KONOPKO ◽  
SILVIA ANA MAZZUCCONI
Keyword(s):  
Antennal Segment ◽  
Identification Key ◽  
Colour Pattern ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Viii And Ix ◽  
Colour Patterns ◽  
First Time

The egg and five instars of Trepobates are described based on examined material of T. taylori and published information of T. inermis, T. knighti, T. panamensis, T. pictus, T. subnitidus and T. trepidus. The characters most useful in identifying nymphs I– V of Trepobates are: the width of the head; the lengths of the antennae, femora 1–3, tibiae 2–3 and tarsus 2–3; the Y-shaped ecdysial line of the head; the colour patterns of the proand mesonotum; and the urosternites VIII and IX. A key to the five nymphal instars of Trepobates is provided. The five instars of T. taylori are described and illustrated for the first time, with emphasis on the morphometry and colour pattern of selected structures, and chaetotaxy of the antennae; the egg is figured and redescribed. The characters useful in identifying nymphs I–V of this species are: the colour pattern of the head; the chaetotaxy of the antennal segment I; the lengths of the antennal segment III and mesonotum; and the width of the pronotum. Differences between sexes in nymphs IV and V are presented.

scholarly journals Phenotypic variation in Heliconius erato crosses shows that iridescent structural colour is sex-linked and controlled by multiple genes

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 20180047 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie N. Brien ◽  
Juan Enciso-Romero ◽  
Andrew J. Parnell ◽  
Patricio A. Salazar ◽  
Carlos Morochz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Variation ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Scattering Data ◽  
Colour Pattern ◽  
Structural Colour ◽  
X Ray Scattering ◽  
Multiple Genes ◽  
Colour Patterns ◽  
Blue Reflectance

Bright, highly reflective iridescent colours can be seen across nature and are produced by the scattering of light from nanostructures. Heliconius butterflies have been widely studied for their diversity and mimicry of wing colour patterns. Despite iridescence evolving multiple times in this genus, little is known about the genetic basis of the colour and the development of the structures which produce it. Heliconius erato can be found across Central and South America, but only races found in western Ecuador and Colombia have developed blue iridescent colour. Here, we use crosses between iridescent and non-iridescent races of H. erato to study phenotypic variation in the resulting F 2 generation. Using measurements of blue colour from photographs, we find that iridescent structural colour is a quantitative trait controlled by multiple genes, with strong evidence for loci on the Z sex chromosome. Iridescence is not linked to the Mendelian colour pattern locus that also segregates in these crosses (controlled by the gene cortex ). Small-angle X-ray scattering data show that spacing between longitudinal ridges on the scales, which affects the intensity of the blue reflectance, also varies quantitatively in F 2 crosses.

scholarly journals Evolutionary fine-tuning of background-matching camouflage among geographical populations in the sandy beach tiger beetle

2020 ◽  
Vol 287 (1941) ◽  
pp. 20202315
Author(s):  
Nayuta Yamamoto ◽  
Teiji Sota
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Data ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Colour Pattern ◽  
Tiger Beetle ◽  
Background Matching ◽  
Geographical Populations ◽  
Geographical Distances ◽  
The Japanese Archipelago ◽  
Colour Patterns

Background-matching camouflage is a widespread adaptation in animals; however, few studies have thoroughly examined its evolutionary process and consequences. The tiger beetle Chaetodera laetescripta exhibits pronounced variation in elytral colour pattern among sandy habitats of different colour in the Japanese Archipelago. In this study, we performed digital image analysis with avian vision modelling to demonstrate that elytral luminance, which is attributed to proportions of elytral colour components, is fine-tuned to match local backgrounds. Field predation experiments with model beetles showed that better luminance matching resulted in a lower attack rate and corresponding lower mortality. Using restriction site-associated DNA (RAD) sequence data, we analysed the dispersal and evolution of colour pattern across geographical locations. We found that sand colour matching occurred irrespective of genetic and geographical distances between populations, suggesting that locally adapted colour patterns evolved after the colonization of these habitats. Given that beetle elytral colour patterns presumably have a quantitative genetic basis, our findings demonstrate that fine-tuning of background-matching camouflage to local habitat conditions can be attained through selection by visual predators, as predicted by the earliest proponent of natural selection.

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