scholarly journals Memoirs: Studies on the Golgi Apparatus in Gland-Cells

1926 ◽  
Vol s2-70 (279) ◽  
pp. 419-449
Author(s):  
ROBERT H. BOWEN
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Secretory Granules ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Animal Cells ◽  
Exact Relation ◽  
Cytological Evidence ◽  
Duplex System ◽  
Secretory Cycle ◽  
Gland Cells ◽  
Secretory Products

As a result of recent studies on secretory synthesis, the following conclusions have been reached : 1. Many gland-cells run through a regular ‘secretory cycle’, beginning with a small cell devoid of secretory granules, progressing through a period in which large numbers of granules are produced and terminating in an act of extrusion of the granules. The cycle may or may not be repeated according to the nature of the cell. 2. The Golgi apparatus is from the beginning present in all kinds of secretory cells, and during the secretory cycle becomes very greatly hypertrophied, establishing a volume in rough relation to that of the secretory products. 3. The topography and behaviour of the apparatus is different in different kinds of glands, but is roughly divisible into three general types characteristic of cells which produce serous, mucous, and lipoidal secretions. 4. The secretory granules make their first appearance only within the area delimited by the Golgi apparatus. 5. In a few cases relations have been made out which indicate that the secretory granules arise in close connexion with the Golgi material. 6. It is concluded that secretory granules are differentiated by the Golgi material, but that no direct transformation of the one into the other occurs such as was claimed by some authors in the case of the mitochondria. 7. It is suggested that the Golgi material is structurally homologous throughout the range of animal cells, and that the so-called idiosomic substance, sometimes associated with it, is to be looked upon as one phase of a duplex system in which the relative development of lipoidal and idiosomic substances may undergo considerable variation. 8. It is suggested that the relation between the Golgi apparatus and secretory granules is homologous to that existing between the Golgi apparatus and the developing acrosome of the animal sperm, and that our rather complete under standing of the latter phenomenon can thus be used as a basis for interpreting the much more obscure phenomena in the gland-cell. 9. No cytological evidence of the origin of secretory products from the nucleus receives any general acceptance at the present time. The nucleus can be considered as the source of secretions only in the indirect sense that it may possibly exercise some control over the process as a whole or may collaborate with other parts of the cell system in preparing materials for the actual synthetic operations of the Golgi apparatus. 10. The establishment of the views here developed must depend finally upon further critical evidence bearing upon the exact relation which exists between individual secretory granules and the Golgi complex.

Memoirs: Studies on the Golgi Apparatus in Gland-Cells

1926 ◽  
Vol s2-70 (277) ◽  
pp. 75-112
Author(s):  
ROBERT H. BOWEN
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Secretory Granules ◽  
Submaxillary Gland ◽  
Mucous Cells ◽  
Secretory Cycle ◽  
Golgi Bodies ◽  
Gland Cells ◽  
Structural Differences ◽  
Marked Tendency

Discussion of the results here reported will be postponed to a later paper, pending the completion of two other studies on the Golgi apparatus in gland-cells. But by way of summary, attention may here be called to the following points which in part furnish a general corroboration of the results of other recent work on the Golgi apparatus in gland-cells, and in other respects extend the work of previous writers in a number of directions. 1. In gland-cells of both serous and mucous types, the Golgi material undergoes a very extensive hypertrophy in the earlier stages of the secretory cycle. 2. There is a marked tendency in cells of the serous type for the Golgi apparatus to be extended throughout the mass of developing granules, while in mucous cells the apparatus tends to maintain a more compact and peripheral location. This is apparently correlated with the fact that in mucous cells the secretory granules are completed very soon after their formation, while in serous cells the whole content of granules seems to progress gradually toward a simultaneous completion. 3. The Golgi apparatus in the salivary gland of an invertebrate (Limax) has been shown to consist of the scattered Golgi bodies characteristic of many invertebrate tissues. 4. The topographical and structural differences in the Golgi apparatus of different types of gland-cells have made possible the demonstration that: (a) The demilune cells of the submaxillary gland are distinct from the predominant mucous cells, and indeed are probably of a serous nature. (b) The cells of the pulmonate salivary gland are of two types, mucous and serous, between which, at least in their active stages, no interchangeable relations exist. 5. In all the types of gland-cells examined, a very close topographical relation was found between the Golgi material and the developing secretory granules.

The Ultrastructure and Histopathology of an Acidophil Adenoma of the Canine Adenohypophysis

1967 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 348-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. C. Capen ◽  
S. L. Martin ◽  
A. Koestner
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Pancreatic Islets ◽  
Secretory Granules ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Common Type ◽  
Secretory Cycle ◽  
Secretory Products ◽  
Space Occupying Lesion

An acidophil adenoma in a 12-year-old spayed boxer dog resulted in clinical signs related to a space-occupying lesion of the hypophysis. There were two types of acidophils, as determined ultrastructurally, within the adenoma. The predominating type was interpreted to be in the storage phase of the secretory cycle as the cytoplasm was densely granulated and the organelles concerned with protein synthesis and packaging of secretory products were poorly developed. The second, less common type contained few secretory granules, had a well developed endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, and was interpreted to be secretorily active. The secretory granules of the neoplastic acidophils were large (420 m μ), uniformly electron-dense, and had a narrow submembranous space. An adenoma of the pancreatic islets was also present.

scholarly journals LYSOSOME FUNCTION IN THE REGULATION OF THE SECRETORY PROCESS IN CELLS OF THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND

1966 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Smith ◽  
Marilyn G. Farquhar
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Dense Body ◽  
Secretory Granules ◽  
Secretory Process ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Residual Body ◽  
Multivesicular Bodies ◽  
Dense Bodies ◽  
Pituitary Glands ◽  
Secretory Products

The nature and content of lytic bodies and the localization of acid phosphatase (AcPase) activity were investigated in mammotrophic hormone-producing cells (MT) from rat anterior pituitary glands. MT were examined from lactating rats in which secretion of MTH1 was high and from postlactating rats in which MTH secretion was suppressed by removing the suckling young. MT from lactating animals contained abundant stacks of rough-surfaced ER, a large Golgi complex with many forming secretory granules, and a few lytic bodies, primarily multivesicular bodies and dense bodies. MT from postlactating animals, sacrificed at selected intervals up to 96 hr after separation from their suckling young, showed (a) progressive involution of the protein synthetic apparatus with sequestration of ER and ribosomes in autophagic vacuoles, and (b) incorporation of secretory granules into multivesicular and dense bodies. The content of mature granules typically was incorporated into dense bodies whereas that of immature granules found its way preferentially into multivesicular bodies. The secretory granules and cytoplasmic constituents segregated within lytic bodies were progressively degraded over a period of 24 to 72 hr to yield a common residual body, the vacuolated dense body. In MT from lactating animals, AcPase reaction product was found in lytic bodies, and in several other sites not usually considered to be lysosomal in nature, i.e., inner Golgi cisterna and associated vesicles, and around most of the immature, and some of the mature secretory granules. In MT from postlactating animals, AcPase was concentrated in lytic bodies; reaction product and incorporated secretory granules were frequently recognizable within the same multivesicular or dense body which could therefore be identified as "autolysosomes" connected with the digestion of endogenous materials. Several possible explanations for the occurrence of AcPase in nonlysosomal sites are discussed. From the findings it is concluded that, in secretory cells, lysosomes function in the regulation of the secretory process by providing a mechanism which takes care of overproduction of secretory products.

Some Secretory Products of the Invasive Stage of a Digenetic Trematode

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 156-157
Author(s):  
Paul L. Krupa ◽  
Arya K. Bal ◽  
Gilles H. Cousineau
Keyword(s):  
Secretory Granules ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Digenetic Trematode ◽  
Width Ratio ◽  
Uniform Density ◽  
Acid Hydrolases ◽  
Periodic Acid Schiff ◽  
Gland Cells ◽  
Secretory Products

The fine structure of various gland cells and their secretory products was studied in the invasive stage (cercaria) of the platyhelminth parasite, Cryptocotyle lingua. Secretory granules or droplets occur in several different specialized cell types, but those that we call attention to here are found in the (1) surface cytoplasmic tegument or “cuticle”, (2) ducts of cephalic (penetration) glands, and (3) epithelial lining of the “excretory bladder”.The tegumental granules appear as numerous, membrane-bounded circular or oval profiles of uniform density (Fig. 1). They are scattered more or less randomly among mitochondria and other inclusion bodies of the tegument. Some of the longer granules, with a length to width ratio of about 7 to 1, have their long axes oriented perpendicularly to the surface plasma membrane of the parasite. In cercariae tested for acid hydrolases with sodium β-glycerophosphate in Barka and Anderson's modification of Gomori's medium, clumps of reaction product appear in the vicinity of the granules and elsewhere within the tegument, but not within the granules themselves. As granules that stain with periodic acid-Schiff, they are seen in certain subsurface gland cells as well as in the tegument under the light microscope.

scholarly journals Ultrastructural Evaluation of Thyroid Parafollicular Cells of Pigs with Naturally Occurring Atrophic Rhinitis

1970 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.W. Fetter ◽  
C.C. Capen
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Secretory Granules ◽  
Atrophic Rhinitis ◽  
Secretory Cycle ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Parafollicular Cells ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
And Storage

The thyroid parafollicular cells of 4-month-old control pigs and pigs with naturally occurring atrophic rhinitis were evaluated ultrastructurally. Significant difference was not observed in populations of parafollicular cells between the 2 groups of pigs. Parafollicular cells occurred in actively synthesizing and storage phases of the secretory cycle in both groups. Actively synthesizing cells had a well-developed endoplasmic reticulum, aggregated ribosomes, and prominent Golgi apparatuses with prosecretory granules. The cytoplasm of parafollicular cells in the storage phase was packed with electron-dense secretory granules. The Golgi apparatus and ergastoplasm were less prominent. There was no evidence to suggest that an interference in the synthesis or release of thyrocalcitonin by parafollicular cells was of criologic importance in the pathogenesis of atrophic rhinitis.

Three-dimensional architecture of Golgi apparatus in the hormone secretory cell

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 252-253
Author(s):  
S. Tai ◽  
R.M. Albrecht
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Golgi Complex ◽  
Secretory Cell ◽  
Secretory Granules ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Pituitary Cells ◽  
Golgi Stack ◽  
Secretory Products ◽  
Cell Fractions

The Golgi apparatus plays an important role in the process of packaging and sorting of secretory granules in endocrine and exocrine cells. The intra Golgi site for concentrating secretory materials, packaging, and sorting the secretory granules has been widely studied using cytochemical, immunocytochemical and biochemical methods on cells and cell fractions. It is generally accepted that the secretory products fo How the cis to trans pathway across the Golgi stack. Within the Golgi complex, secretory products appear to be concentrated in the dilated rims of the trans-most cisternae which are associated with the formation of secretory granules. In pituitary cells the organization of the Golgi apparatus is not as regular as that described for many other cell types. The cisternae of different Golgi stacks are irregular in size and shape. The cis-trans arrangement is not in a definitive orientation.

scholarly journals The intracellular pathway of vitellogenin secretion in the frog hepatocyte as revealed by protein A-gold immunocytochemistry.

1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (7) ◽  
pp. 697-704 ◽  
Author(s):  
G H Herbener ◽  
M Bendayan ◽  
R C Feldhoff
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Protein Secretion ◽  
Secretory Pathway ◽  
Rana Catesbeiana ◽  
Secretory Granules ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Vitellogenin Synthesis ◽  
Cellular Compartments

The protein A-gold immunocytochemical technique was applied to the localization of vitellogenin in the hepatocyte of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, eight days after treatment with estradiol-17 beta. Specific labeling was present in cellular compartments involved in protein secretion and was shown to progress in sequence through RER, Golgi apparatus, immature secretory granules, and mature secretory granules. Labeling intensities were quantitated and the values ranged from 34.6 to 172 gold particles/micron 2. In contrast, low background labeling was observed over mitochondria, nuclei, lipid droplets, and bile canaliculi. These observations support the hypothesis that vitellogenin synthesis and secretion in the frog hepatocyte lies exclusively along the RER-Golgi-granule secretory pathway. In addition to the cellular compartments involved in protein secretion, labeling was found over the majority of the lysosomes. The intensity of lysosomal labeling was intermediate between that of RER and Golgi apparatus. This labeling of lysosomes may be a consequence of the high blood plasma concentrations of vitellogenin that occur in the frog model, or to the well-known crinophagy phenomenon present in secretory cells.

Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopic Evaluation of Parathyroid Glands

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 500-501
Author(s):  
C. C. Capen ◽  
A. W. Fetter
Keyword(s):  
Secretory Granules ◽  
Collagen Fibers ◽  
Parathyroid Glands ◽  
Single Type ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Secretory Cycle ◽  
Chief Cells ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Microscopic Evaluation ◽  
Secretory Products

Parathyroid glands of normal animals were composed of groups of chief cells surrounded by a continuous basement membrane and fine collagen fibers (Fig. 1). Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated chief cells to be arranged into spheroidal or ovoid groups interconnected by collagen fibers (Fig. 2). Tubular profiles of capillaries were intimately applied to the surface of the spheres.Present evidence indicates that the parathyroids contain a single type of secretory cell concerned with the elaboration of one hormone. Chief cells interpreted to be in an inactive stage of the secretory cycle predominated in most species. Organelles other than mitochondria were poorly developed and numerous lipid bodies were present. Active chief cells occurred less frequently and had well developed organelles concerned with protein synthesis and packaging of secretory products.Secretory granules were readily demonstrated within chief cells. They were more numerous in active than inactive chief cells. The granules were small, ranging from 100-300 μ in greatest diameter, surrounded by a closely applied limiting membrane, and composed of fine dense particles. The granules moved peripherally and the limiting membrane fused with the plasma membrane of the cell.

Ultrastructural and histochemical studies of the digestive system of Pholoe minuta (Polychaeta: Sigalionidae)

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Heffernan
Keyword(s):  
Alimentary Canal ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
Secretory Granules ◽  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Mixed Acid ◽  
Gland Cells ◽  
Mucus Gland ◽  
Acid Mucins ◽  
Pharyngeal Jaws

This work reports on the fine structure and histochemistry of several regions of the alimentary canal in Pholoe minuta (Fabricius, 1780). Particular emphasis is placed on the elaborate secretory cells (tryptophan-containing secretion) associated with the pharyngeal jaws. Mucus gland cells were located and described for the oesophagus (acid mucins), pharynx papillae (sulphated acid mucins), pharynx luminal lining (mixed acid mucins) and the intestine (mixed acid mucins). Enzymic gland cells (zymogen-like secretory granules) were identified in the luminal lining of the pharynx and in the intestine. Lysosome-containing cells (presumably absorptive) were described in the intestine. Glycogen reserves were observed along the coelomic peritoneum and a seasonal pattern for their deposition and utilization is briefly discussed.

scholarly journals DETECTION OF COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES IN THE GOLGI APPARATUS OF RAT CELLS

1969 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 395-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Rambourg ◽  
W. Hernandez ◽  
C. P. Leblond
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Basement Membrane ◽  
Chromic Acid ◽  
Secretory Granules ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
The Other ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Cell Coat ◽  
Periodic Acid Schiff

Two methods used for the electron microscopic detection of glycoproteins were applied to a variety of cell types in the rat; one involved successive treatment of sections with periodic acid, chromic acid, and silver methenamine; and the other, a brief treatment with a chromic acid-phosphotungstic acid mixture. The results obtained with the two methods were identical and, whenever the comparison was possible, similar to those obtained with the periodic acid-Schiff technique of light microscopy. In secretory as well as in nonsecretory cells, parts of the Golgi apparatus are stained. The last saccule on one side of each Golgi stack is strongly reactive (mature face), and the last saccule on the other side shows little or no reactivity (immature face); a gradient of reactivity occurs in between these saccules. The more likely explanation of the increase in staining intensity is that carbohydrate is synthesized and accumulates in saccules as they migrate toward the mature face. In many secretory cells, the mature face is associated with strongly stained secretory granules. Other structures stained are: (1) small vesicles, dense and multivesicular bodies, at least some of which are presumed to be lysosomal in nature; (2) cell coat; and (3) basement membrane. The evidence suggests that the Golgi saccules provide glycoproteins not only for secretion, but also for the needs of the lysosomal system as well as for incorporation into the cell coat and perhaps basement membrane.

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