Memoirs: The Cytoplasmic Inclusions of Certain Plant Cells

1928 ◽  
Vol s2-72 (287) ◽  
pp. 387-401
Author(s):  
RUTH PATTEN ◽  
MARGARET SCOTT ◽  
J. BRONTË GATENBY
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nitrate ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Corrosive Sublimate ◽  
Animal Cells ◽  
Cell Cytoplasm ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Reliable Evidence ◽  
Golgi Methods

1. The plant cell has the following cytoplasmic inclusions: (a) Mitochondria (chondriome). (b) Plastids (plastidome), probably derived from mitochondria. (c) Golgi elements (osmiophilic platelets of Bowen). 2. Plant cells often contain vacuolar spaces filled with a watery fluid. These spaces are sometimes canalicular in arrangement, as shown by Bensley eighteen years ago. 3. There is no evidence that these vacuoles are: (a) Formed from self-perpetuating primordia. (b) Possessed of a lipoid membrane. (c) Associated with the Golgi elements (platelets). 4. There is no reliable evidence that the plant-cell cytoplasm contains any type of protoplasmic inclusion not also found in animal cells, for the plasts are probably enlarged mitochondria, as has been suggested by Mottier, Guilliermond, and others. 5. The so-called ‘vacuome’ drawn by Bowen (this paper, p. 391) is found almost always in Weigl (Mann-Kopsch) preparations. Such ‘vacuoles’ and primordia are possibly corrosive-osmic artefacts caused by the non-ability of water to wash out the corrosive sublimate of the Mann's fluid, previous to osmication. 6. The osmiophilic platelets are demonstrable by the Kolatchev and Mann-Kopsch methods, but we have not so far succeeded in showing them with Benda, Flemming-without-acetic, haematoxylin, Champy-haematoxylin, or the silver-nitrate Golgi methods. They resemble closely the dictyosomes of Hemipterous germ cells.

scholarly journals Dictyokinesis in germ cells, or the distribution of the Golgi apparatus during cell division

1921 ◽  
Vol 92 (646) ◽  
pp. 235-244 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Nuclear System ◽  
Animal Cells ◽  
Cell Cytoplasm ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Differentiated Cells ◽  
Nerve Ganglion

In the vast majority of animal cells so far properly studied, two categories of cytoplasmic inclusions have been identified, namely, the mitochondria and the Golgi apparatus. The Golgi apparatus generally takes the form of an excentric juxta- nuclear system or network, composed of rodlets, platelets or beads, arranged, in many cases, around and over the surface of the centrosphere or archoplasm, in which lies embedded the centrosome. In highly differentiated cells such as the oocyte or nerve ganglion cell, the Golgi apparatus becomes dispersed into the farthermost parts of the cell-cytoplasm, and in most cases therefore loses its relationship to the centrosome.

scholarly journals How Does a Plant Cell Build a New Cell Wall When Dividing?

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingqin Chang ◽  
Georgia Drakakaki
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Division ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Construction Workers ◽  
Animal Cells

If you live in an apartment or a house, you will notice that your home has different rooms separated by walls. A plant is just like your home, except there are many small rooms, called cells. Plant cells, like rooms, are also separated by cell walls. Cell walls are unique and are not found in animal cells. In a building, if you want to turn one large room into two small rooms, you build a new wall to divide it. This is similar to how a plant cell divides into two cells during cell division. To build a wall in a building, you need to employ construction workers, design the building plan, buy building materials, and finally assembly the wall. How does the plant cell take care of these different jobs? This article explains how the cell wall is built in a plant cell during cell division.

The Cytoplasmic Inclusions of the Neurones of Crustacea

1960 ◽  
Vol s3-101 (53) ◽  
pp. 75-93
Author(s):  
S. K. MALHOTRA
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Silver Nitrate ◽  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
Histochemical Study ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Golgi Methods ◽  
Astacus Fluviatilis ◽  
Nissl Substance

Four kinds of cytoplasmic inclusions can be recognized in the neurones of Leander serratus and Astacus fluviatilis. These are (i) spherical or almost spherical bodies, which often show a differentiated cortex and medulla; (ii) mitochondria, in the form of minute granules and short rods; (iii) Nissl substance, uniformly dispersed; (iv) ‘trophospongial’ structures, which are connected with the surface of the cell, and ramify in the form of delicate filaments throughout the cytoplasm. Neutral red colours the spherical bodies in life; it does not seem to interfere with their optically visible structure. The spherical bodies often burst open into rods and crescents; these correspond to what other authors have called ‘Golgi apparatus’ or ‘dictyosomes’. The term ‘Golgi apparatus’ has also been applied by certain authors to the ‘trophospongial’ structures. Histochemical study reveals that the surfaces of the spherical bodies, which are blackened by osmium tetroxide or silver nitrate in the Golgi methods, respond to tests for phospholipid after an ‘unmasking’ fixative has been used. The evidence also suggests the presence of cerebroside (galactolipid) in these bodies.

Actin in motile and other processes in plant cells

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (7) ◽  
pp. 766-772 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Williamson
Keyword(s):  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cytoplasmic Streaming ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Force Production ◽  
Cell Physiology ◽  
Animal Cells

The occurrence of actin in plant cells is described. Evidence is summarized in favour of the view that its role in animal cells may extend beyond force production for conspicuous motile events. Actin's role in cytoplasmic streaming in plants is then discussed and the possibility of its involvement in other aspects of plant cell physiology is raised.

Experimental Investigation of Effects of Extrusion Pressure on Cell Growth of Bioprinted Algae Cells in Green Bioprinting

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Jerpseth ◽  
Ketan Thakare ◽  
Zhijian Pei ◽  
Hongmin Qin
Keyword(s):  
Cell Growth ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Extrusion Pressure ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Animal Cells ◽  
Physical Damage ◽  
The Third ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
The Difference

Abstract In bioprinting, biomaterials are deposited layer-by-layer to fabricate structures. Bioprinting has many potential applications in drug screening, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine. Both animal cells and plant cells can be used to synthesize bioinks. Green bioprinting uses bioinks that have been synthesized using plant cells. Constructs fabricated via green bioprinting contain immobilized plant cells, with these cells arranged at desired locations. The constructs provide scaffolds for cell growth. Printing parameters affecting the growth of cells in green bioprinted constructs include print speed, needle diameter, extrusion temperature, and extrusion pressure. This paper reports a study to examine effects of extrusion pressure on cell growth (measured by cell count) in bioprinted constructs, using bioink containing Chlamydomonas reinhardtii algae cells. Three levels of extrusion pressure were used: 3, 5, and 7 bar. Cell counts in the bioprinted constructs were measured on the third and sixth days after bioprinting. It was found that, as extrusion pressure increased, cell count decreased on both the third and sixth days after bioprinting. Furthermore, the difference in cell counts between the third and the sixth days decreased as extrusion pressure increased. These trends suggest that increasing extrusion pressure during green bioprinting negatively affects cell growth. A possible reason for these trends is physical damage to or death of cells in the bioprinted constructs when extrusion pressure became higher.

The pH of Plant Cells The pH of Animal Cells

1955 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Small ◽  
Floyd J. Wiercinski
Keyword(s):  
Plant Cells ◽  
Animal Cells

Methods to quantify primary plant cell wall mechanics

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (14) ◽  
pp. 3615-3648 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir J Bidhendi ◽  
Anja Geitmann
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Polymer Network ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Mechanical Modeling ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Testing Techniques ◽  
Cell Wall Mechanics

Abstract The primary plant cell wall is a dynamically regulated composite material of multiple biopolymers that forms a scaffold enclosing the plant cells. The mechanochemical make-up of this polymer network regulates growth, morphogenesis, and stability at the cell and tissue scales. To understand the dynamics of cell wall mechanics, and how it correlates with cellular activities, several experimental frameworks have been deployed in recent years to quantify the mechanical properties of plant cells and tissues. Here we critically review the application of biomechanical tool sets pertinent to plant cell mechanics and outline some of their findings, relevance, and limitations. We also discuss methods that are less explored but hold great potential for the field, including multiscale in silico mechanical modeling that will enable a unified understanding of the mechanical behavior across the scales. Our overview reveals significant differences between the results of different mechanical testing techniques on plant material. Specifically, indentation techniques seem to consistently report lower values compared with tensile tests. Such differences may in part be due to inherent differences among the technical approaches and consequently the wall properties that they measure, and partly due to differences between experimental conditions.

scholarly journals DNA nanostructures coordinate gene silencing in mature plants

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (15) ◽  
pp. 7543-7548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huan Zhang ◽  
Gozde S. Demirer ◽  
Honglu Zhang ◽  
Tianzheng Ye ◽  
Natalie S. Goh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Gene Silencing ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Dna Nanostructures ◽  
Dna Nanostructure ◽  
The Impact

Delivery of biomolecules to plants relies onAgrobacteriuminfection or biolistic particle delivery, the former of which is amenable only to DNA delivery. The difficulty in delivering functional biomolecules such as RNA to plant cells is due to the plant cell wall, which is absent in mammalian cells and poses the dominant physical barrier to biomolecule delivery in plants. DNA nanostructure-mediated biomolecule delivery is an effective strategy to deliver cargoes across the lipid bilayer of mammalian cells; however, nanoparticle-mediated delivery without external mechanical aid remains unexplored for biomolecule delivery across the cell wall in plants. Herein, we report a systematic assessment of different DNA nanostructures for their ability to internalize into cells of mature plants, deliver siRNAs, and effectively silence a constitutively expressed gene inNicotiana benthamianaleaves. We show that nanostructure internalization into plant cells and corresponding gene silencing efficiency depends on the DNA nanostructure size, shape, compactness, stiffness, and location of the siRNA attachment locus on the nanostructure. We further confirm that the internalization efficiency of DNA nanostructures correlates with their respective gene silencing efficiencies but that the endogenous gene silencing pathway depends on the siRNA attachment locus. Our work establishes the feasibility of biomolecule delivery to plants with DNA nanostructures and both details the design parameters of importance for plant cell internalization and also assesses the impact of DNA nanostructure geometry for gene silencing mechanisms.

scholarly journals Plasmodesmata-Related Structural and Functional Proteins: The Long Sought-After Secrets of a Cytoplasmic Channel in Plant Cell Walls

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
pp. 2946 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Han ◽  
Li-Jun Huang ◽  
Dan Feng ◽  
Wenhan Jiang ◽  
Wenzhuo Miu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Plasma Membranes ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Protein Composition ◽  
Cell Contact ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Cell Organelles

Plant cells are separated by cellulose cell walls that impede direct cell-to-cell contact. In order to facilitate intercellular communication, plant cells develop unique cell-wall-spanning structures termed plasmodesmata (PD). PD are membranous channels that link the cytoplasm, plasma membranes, and endoplasmic reticulum of adjacent cells to provide cytoplasmic and membrane continuity for molecular trafficking. PD play important roles for the development and physiology of all plants. The structure and function of PD in the plant cell walls are highly dynamic and tightly regulated. Despite their importance, plasmodesmata are among the few plant cell organelles that remain poorly understood. The molecular properties of PD seem largely elusive or speculative. In this review, we firstly describe the general PD structure and its protein composition. We then discuss the recent progress in identification and characterization of PD-associated plant cell-wall proteins that regulate PD function, with particular emphasis on callose metabolizing and binding proteins, and protein kinases targeted to and around PD.

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