The Post-embryonic Development of the Tracheal System in Drosophila melanogaster

1957 ◽  
Vol s3-98 (41) ◽  
pp. 123-150
Author(s):  
JOAN M. WHITTEN
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Larval Instar ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Tracheal System ◽  
True Nature ◽  
The Third ◽  
Air Sacs ◽  
Abdominal Region ◽  
Pupal Cuticle

The fate of the tracheal system is traced from the first larval instar to the adult stage. The basic larval pattern conforms to that shown for other Diptera Cyclorrhapha (Whitten, 1955), and is identical in all three instars. According to previous accounts the adult system directly replaces the larval: the larval system is partly shed, partly histolysed, and the adult system arises from imaginal cell clusters independently of the preceding larval system. In contrast, it is shown here that in the cephalic, thoracic, and anterior abdominal region there is a definite continuity in the tracheal system, from larval, through pupal to the adult stage, whereas in the posterior abdominal region the larval system is histolysed, and the adult system is independent of it in origin. Moreover, in the pupal stage this region is tracheated by tracheae arising from the anterior abdominal region and belonging to a distinct pupal system. Moulting of the tracheal linings is complete at the first and second larval ecdyses, but incomplete at the third larval-pupal and pupal-adult ecdyses. In consequence, in both pupal and adult systems there are tracheae which are secreted around preexisting tracheae, others formed as new ‘branch’ tracheae, and those which have been carried over from the previous instar. In the adult the newly formed tracheae of the posterior abdominal region fall into a fourth category. Most of the adult thoracic air sacs correspond to new ‘branch’ tracheae of other instars. The pre-pupal moult and instar are discussed with reference to the tracheal system and tentative suggestions are made concerning the true nature of the pre-pupal cuticle. There is no pre-pupal tracheal system. Events traced for Drosophila would seem to be general for Cyclorrhapha, both Acalypterae and Calypterae. The separate fates of the anterior and posterior abdom inal systems, in contrast with the straightforward development in Dipterc Nematocera, would appear to mark a distinct step in the evolution of the system in Diptera.

scholarly journals Experimental modification of the dominance relations of a melanotic tumour gene in Drosophila melanogaster

1972 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann Louise Belt ◽  
Barrie Burnet
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Larval Instar ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Larval Food ◽  
Dominance Relations ◽  
The Third ◽  
Genotype Environment Interaction ◽  
Tumour Formation ◽  
Food Medium ◽  
Melanotic Tumour

SUMMARYThe melanotic tumour gene tu-C4 in Drosophila melanogaster shows incomplete dominance, together with variable penetrance and expressivity. It is tentatively located in the region of locus 52–53 on the third chromosome. Tumour formation in mutant homozygotes involves a precocious haemocyte transformation leading to the appearance of lamellocytes at the beginning of the third larval instar. These aggregate to form tumour-like masses which subsequently melanize. The process of tumour formation is in broad outline similar to that found in other tumour strains. Melanotic tumour formation is treated as a dichotomous threshold character, assuming an underlying normal distribution of liability relative to a fixed threshold. The expression of the tumour gene can be influenced by the levels of protein, phospholipid, nucleic acid and carbohydrate in the larval food medium, and changes in dominance and penetrance induced by sub-optimal environments deficient in these nutrients are positively correlated. Reinforcement by selection of the dominance relations of tu-C4 was accompanied by correlated changes in penetrance. Conversely, selection for increased penetrance was accompanied by correlated changes in dominance. Dominance and penetrance, it is concluded, are fundamentally related aspects of tumour gene expression. Recruitment of dominance modifiers linked to the tumour gene was excluded by the mating scheme employed, and the observed changes in dominance relations in response to selection were due largely to modifiers located on the second chromosome. Changes in dominance relations produced by selection could be significantly reinforced, or reversed, by environmental factors and consequently show a substantial genotype – environment interaction effect. These facts are relevant to current theories of dominance evolution.

scholarly journals Interactions and developmental effects of mutations in the Broad-Complex of Drosophila melanogaster.

Genetics ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 118 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-259
Author(s):  
I Kiss ◽  
A H Beaton ◽  
J Tardiff ◽  
D Fristrom ◽  
J W Fristrom
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Genetic Locus ◽  
Larval Instar ◽  
Imaginal Discs ◽  
Functional Domains ◽  
Developmental Processes ◽  
The Third ◽  
Developmental Effects ◽  
Broad Complex

Abstract The 2B5 region on the X chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster forms an early ecdysone puff at the end of the third larval instar. The region contains a complex genetic locus, the Broad-Complex (BR-C) composed of four groups of fully complementing (br, rbp, l(1)2Bc, and l(1)2Bd) alleles, and classes of noncomplementing (npr 1) and partially noncomplementing l(1)2Bab alleles. BR-C mutants prevent metamorphosis, including the morphogenesis of imaginal discs. Results are presented that indicate that the BR-C contains two major functional domains. One, the br domain is primarily, if not exclusively, involved in the elongation and eversion of appendages by imaginal discs. The second, the l(1)2Bc domain, is primarily involved in the fusion of discs to form a continuous adult epidermis. Nonetheless, the two domains may encode products with related functions because in some situations mutants in both domains appear to affect similar developmental processes.

scholarly journals Drosophila Med6 Is Required for Elevated Expression of a Large but Distinct Set of Developmentally Regulated Genes

2001 ◽  
Vol 21 (15) ◽  
pp. 5242-5255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Byung Soo Gim ◽  
Jin Mo Park ◽  
Jeong Ho Yoon ◽  
Changwon Kang ◽  
Young-Joon Kim
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Transcriptional Activation ◽  
Larval Instar ◽  
Developmentally Regulated ◽  
The Third ◽  
Reverse Transcription Pcr ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved ◽  
Elevated Expression

ABSTRACT Mediator is the evolutionarily conserved coactivator required for the integration and recruitment of diverse regulatory signals to basal transcription machinery. To elucidate the functions of metazoan Mediator, we isolated Drosophila melanogaster Med6mutants. dMed6 is essential for viability and/or proliferation of most cells. dMed6 mutants failed to pupate and died in the third larval instar with severe proliferation defects in imaginal discs and other larval mitotic cells. cDNA microarray, quantitative reverse transcription-PCR, and in situ expression analyses of developmentally regulated genes indMed6 mutants showed that transcriptional activation of many, but not all, genes was affected. Among the genes found to be affected were some that play a role in cell proliferation and metabolism. Therefore, dMed6 is required in most cells for transcriptional regulation of many genes important for diverse aspects of Drosophila development.

scholarly journals Chromosomal and extrachromosomal transmission of cellular melanization in the Freckled phenotype in Drosophila melanogaster

1968 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-150
Author(s):  
C. Barigozzi ◽  
M. Sari Gorla
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Double Dose ◽  
Dominant Mutant

Freckled (Frd) is a dominant mutant of D. melanogaster, lethal in double dose, which manifests itself by melanization in the adult stage, while nothing can be noticed in the larva and/or in the pupa. Its localization has been determined at nearly 102 of the second chromosome.Among the offspring from backcrosses involving Frd, some individuals that do not carry the Frd gene exhibit a weak Frd manifestation in the adult stage, or a stronger one, mostly lethal, in the larval or pupal stage. Weak Frd, indicated as [Frd], is transmitted indefinitely without any recognizable linkage with the chromosomes, although its frequency is influenced by the 1st and, probably, by the 3rd chromosome. No matroclinous transmission has been found. It is concluded that [Frd] is probably controlled by an extrachromosomal entity, not located in the cytoplasm. The possible relationships between Frd and [Frd] are discussed.

Ecdysteroids during the third larval instar in I(3)ecd-1ts, a temperature-sensitive mutant of Drosophila melanogaster

1984 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Berreur ◽  
P. Porcheron ◽  
M. Moriniere ◽  
J. Berreur-Bonnenfant ◽  
S. Belinski-Deutsch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Larval Instar ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
Sensitive Mutant ◽  
Temperature Sensitive Mutant ◽  
The Third

STUDIES ON AMINO ACID REQUIREMENTS OF LARVAE OF THE ONION MAGGOT, HYLEMYA ANTIQUA (MG.), UNDER ASEPTIC CONDITIONS

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 535-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. G. Friend ◽  
R. H. Backs ◽  
L. M. Cass
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Onion Maggot ◽  
Hylemya Antiqua ◽  
The Third ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Aseptic Conditions

On diets lacking one of l-arginine, l-histidine, l-isoleucine, l-tryptophan, or l-valine all the test larvae of the onion maggot, Hylemya antiqua (Mg.), died in the first instar. On diets lacking either l-phenylalanine or l-threonine, all died before the third instar; on those from which l-leucine, l-lysine, or l-methionine was omitted, all died before reaching the pupal stage. Diets lacking l-alanine, l-aspartic acid, l-cysteine, l-glutamic acid, glycine, l-hydroxyproline, l-proline, l-serine, or l-tyrosine did not block larval development. Eighty-one per cent of the larvae on one of the complete diets developed to the adult stage; eggs laid by these adults and by adults from the diet lacking l-glutamic acid hatched and produced normal larvae. The test larvae were reared individually and aseptically on chemically defined diets.

The anatomy and Physiology of the morabine grasshoppers III. Muscles, nerves, tracheae and genitalia

1967 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 961 ◽  
Author(s):  
RE Blackith ◽  
RM Blackith
Keyword(s):  
Thoracic Ganglion ◽  
Retractor Muscle ◽  
Bursa Copulatrix ◽  
Internal Anatomy ◽  
Tracheal System ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
The Third ◽  
Air Sacs ◽  
Alary Muscles

Morabine grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Eumastacidae) are apterous and elongate. These features entrain certain changes in the internal anatomy, compared with that of the generally more robust Acrididae. These changes include greatly developed lateral muscles of the abdomen, and modifications of the antenna1 musculature. Changes of more systematic interest include the retention of the primitive median retractor muscle of the labium, the full 12 pairs of alary muscles, and a different arrangement of the muscles of the rectum and anus, and of the phallic complex. Comparisons were made with an elongate acridid, a robust and an elongate pyrgomorphid, and with a description of the musculature of a proscopiid. Only one abdominal ganglion is wholly fused to the third thoracic ganglion. The tracheal system expands into air-sacs more frequently than does that of acridids, and the dorsal elements in thorax and abdomen are poorly developed. The anatomy and musculature of the male genitalia are figured, with notes on the inter-relation of the male and female genitalia during copulation. No true spermatophore is formed, and sperm is delivered directly to the bursa copulatrix and not to the spermathecal duct.

scholarly journals THE INTERACTION OF TWO COMPLEX LOCI, ZESTE AND BITHORAX IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

Genetics ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-321
Author(s):  
T C Kaufman ◽  
S E Tasaka ◽  
D T Suzuki
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Heterocyclic Compounds ◽  
Larval Instar ◽  
Sensitive Period ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
Extreme Form ◽  
The Third ◽  
Specific Allele ◽  
Pigment Change

ABSTRACT It has been found that certain alleles of the zeste locus (za 1-1.0) have no phenotype of their own, but interact with certain alleles at the bithorax locus (bx 3-58.8). This interaction takes the form of an enhancement of the homeotic bx phenotype to a more extreme form—i.e., the metathorax is transformed into mesothorax in varying degrees depending on the bx allele used. This enhancement is somewhat reminiscent of the transvection effect described by Lewis (1954). The characterization of the interaction thus far has shown that the enhancement only effects bx alleles which arise spontaneously, whereas the origin of the za allele is unimportant. The gene claret nondisjunctional was used for the production of gynandromorphs which showed that the enhancing ability of za, like the eye pigment change caused by z, is autonomous. The enhancement of one specific allele (bx34e), which is temperature-sensitive, has allowed a delineation of the temperature-sensitive period of the bithorax locus to a period extending from the middle of the second larval instar to the middle of the third larval instar. These results, as well as those of other enhancer and suppressor systems in Drosophila, have revealed the possibility of the involvement of heterocyclic compounds in the control of cell determination and fate in Drosophila melanogaster.

scholarly journals Further studies on pre-imaginal olfactory conditioning in insects

1939 ◽  
Vol 127 (848) ◽  
pp. 424-433 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
High Mortality ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Olfactory Response ◽  
Significant Preference ◽  
Olfactory Conditioning ◽  
Odoriferous Substances ◽  
Conditioning Effect ◽  
Wax Moth

In the course of an earlier paper (Thorpe and Jones 1937), it was shown that the ichneumonid parasite Nemeritis canescens (Grav.) can be induced to develop a positive olfactory response to the odour of an abnormal host, the wax moth Meliphora grisella (F.), by rearing it artificially upon that host. It was shown that the change in the olfactory response brought about by this process was due, in large part, to conditioning taking place in the adult stage immediately after emergence from the pupa. This was confirmed by the fact that Nemeritis , reared on the normal host Ephestia , can be made positively responsive to the odour of Meliphora merely by placing them immediately on emergence in an apparatus through which is pumped a stream of air which has previously passed over a number of living Meliphora larvae. But the conditioning, obtained by treatment of the newly emerged adult in this manner, is not usually as strong as that produced by actually rearing the insects on the abnormal host. From this it was concluded that part at least of the conditioning effect produced by rearing on the wax moth larvae must be the result of the influence of the host acting during the pre-imaginal period. Attempts to get conclusive demonstrations of this in Nemeritis were, however, ineffective. It was hoped that it would be possible, having reared the parasite to the pupal stage on the wax moth, to dissect it from its cocoon, which of course may be presumed to be contaminated with the odour of the host. For if pupae, having been thus dissected out and then washed and completely isolated from the odour of the wax moth, still show significant preference for it on emergence, the existence of pre-imaginal conditioning could be considered firmly established. Unfortunately, the high mortality caused when pupae are treated in this way made the experiment impracticable. Many parasites can be removed from their cocoons without suffering harm, but Nemeritis appears much more susceptible to injury than most. The object of the present work was to perform a similar experiment on some insect which does not spin a cocoon and in which the puparia can therefore be washed free of all contaminating odoriferous substances. Because of its convenience as a laboratory insect Drosophila melanogaster Mg. ( fasciata Mg., ampelophila Loew.) was chosen for this purpose (a strain being kindly supplied by Dr C. H. Waddington). The two sexes were used indiscriminately since in some preliminary control experiments no significant differences in their behaviour were observed. In a second paper (Thorpe 1938), it was shown that in Nemeritis a positive conditioning can be produced, not merely to the odour of a possible host, but to the odour of such biologically abnormal substances as cedar wood oil. It was felt that Drosophila also offered a particularly suitable subject for further experiments of this nature in that its rearing on synthetic foodstuff lias long been standardized. Odoriferous substances can easily be mixed with the food, thus exposing the larva to their influence over the whole of its life. The Drosophila were reared on Pearl’s S. 101 medium, modified in certain particulars by Mr J. H. Sang, for whose help in the matter I am much indebted. The exact composition of the medium is as follows:

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