scholarly journals Further studies on pre-imaginal olfactory conditioning in insects

1939 ◽  
Vol 127 (848) ◽  
pp. 424-433 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
High Mortality ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Olfactory Response ◽  
Significant Preference ◽  
Olfactory Conditioning ◽  
Odoriferous Substances ◽  
Conditioning Effect ◽  
Wax Moth

In the course of an earlier paper (Thorpe and Jones 1937), it was shown that the ichneumonid parasite Nemeritis canescens (Grav.) can be induced to develop a positive olfactory response to the odour of an abnormal host, the wax moth Meliphora grisella (F.), by rearing it artificially upon that host. It was shown that the change in the olfactory response brought about by this process was due, in large part, to conditioning taking place in the adult stage immediately after emergence from the pupa. This was confirmed by the fact that Nemeritis , reared on the normal host Ephestia , can be made positively responsive to the odour of Meliphora merely by placing them immediately on emergence in an apparatus through which is pumped a stream of air which has previously passed over a number of living Meliphora larvae. But the conditioning, obtained by treatment of the newly emerged adult in this manner, is not usually as strong as that produced by actually rearing the insects on the abnormal host. From this it was concluded that part at least of the conditioning effect produced by rearing on the wax moth larvae must be the result of the influence of the host acting during the pre-imaginal period. Attempts to get conclusive demonstrations of this in Nemeritis were, however, ineffective. It was hoped that it would be possible, having reared the parasite to the pupal stage on the wax moth, to dissect it from its cocoon, which of course may be presumed to be contaminated with the odour of the host. For if pupae, having been thus dissected out and then washed and completely isolated from the odour of the wax moth, still show significant preference for it on emergence, the existence of pre-imaginal conditioning could be considered firmly established. Unfortunately, the high mortality caused when pupae are treated in this way made the experiment impracticable. Many parasites can be removed from their cocoons without suffering harm, but Nemeritis appears much more susceptible to injury than most. The object of the present work was to perform a similar experiment on some insect which does not spin a cocoon and in which the puparia can therefore be washed free of all contaminating odoriferous substances. Because of its convenience as a laboratory insect Drosophila melanogaster Mg. ( fasciata Mg., ampelophila Loew.) was chosen for this purpose (a strain being kindly supplied by Dr C. H. Waddington). The two sexes were used indiscriminately since in some preliminary control experiments no significant differences in their behaviour were observed. In a second paper (Thorpe 1938), it was shown that in Nemeritis a positive conditioning can be produced, not merely to the odour of a possible host, but to the odour of such biologically abnormal substances as cedar wood oil. It was felt that Drosophila also offered a particularly suitable subject for further experiments of this nature in that its rearing on synthetic foodstuff lias long been standardized. Odoriferous substances can easily be mixed with the food, thus exposing the larva to their influence over the whole of its life. The Drosophila were reared on Pearl’s S. 101 medium, modified in certain particulars by Mr J. H. Sang, for whose help in the matter I am much indebted. The exact composition of the medium is as follows:

The Post-embryonic Development of the Tracheal System in Drosophila melanogaster

1957 ◽  
Vol s3-98 (41) ◽  
pp. 123-150
Author(s):  
JOAN M. WHITTEN
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Larval Instar ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Tracheal System ◽  
True Nature ◽  
The Third ◽  
Air Sacs ◽  
Abdominal Region ◽  
Pupal Cuticle

The fate of the tracheal system is traced from the first larval instar to the adult stage. The basic larval pattern conforms to that shown for other Diptera Cyclorrhapha (Whitten, 1955), and is identical in all three instars. According to previous accounts the adult system directly replaces the larval: the larval system is partly shed, partly histolysed, and the adult system arises from imaginal cell clusters independently of the preceding larval system. In contrast, it is shown here that in the cephalic, thoracic, and anterior abdominal region there is a definite continuity in the tracheal system, from larval, through pupal to the adult stage, whereas in the posterior abdominal region the larval system is histolysed, and the adult system is independent of it in origin. Moreover, in the pupal stage this region is tracheated by tracheae arising from the anterior abdominal region and belonging to a distinct pupal system. Moulting of the tracheal linings is complete at the first and second larval ecdyses, but incomplete at the third larval-pupal and pupal-adult ecdyses. In consequence, in both pupal and adult systems there are tracheae which are secreted around preexisting tracheae, others formed as new ‘branch’ tracheae, and those which have been carried over from the previous instar. In the adult the newly formed tracheae of the posterior abdominal region fall into a fourth category. Most of the adult thoracic air sacs correspond to new ‘branch’ tracheae of other instars. The pre-pupal moult and instar are discussed with reference to the tracheal system and tentative suggestions are made concerning the true nature of the pre-pupal cuticle. There is no pre-pupal tracheal system. Events traced for Drosophila would seem to be general for Cyclorrhapha, both Acalypterae and Calypterae. The separate fates of the anterior and posterior abdom inal systems, in contrast with the straightforward development in Dipterc Nematocera, would appear to mark a distinct step in the evolution of the system in Diptera.

All-female broods in the butterfly Hypolimnas bolina (L.)

1975 ◽  
Vol 189 (1094) ◽  
pp. 29-37 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Y Chromosome ◽  
High Mortality ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Meiotic Drive ◽  
Cytoplasmic Factor ◽  
Female Line ◽  
Reservoir Species ◽  
Very High

It has been known since 1924 that a proportion of females in the butterfly H. bolina produce only daughters, whereas others produce a 1:1 sex ratio. The present results confirm this, and show also that occasionally a few males are produced. The production of broods with a disturbed sex ratio is inherited entirely through the female line. By sexing the embryos and larvae cytologically and observing mortality in the embryos and late pupal stage we have obtained evidence that the deficiency of males is due to their very high mortality in the pre-adult stage. It is suggested that the abnormal sex ratio is due to an infective cytoplasmic factor (the presence of spirochaetes, as in Drosophila , having been ruled out), in contrast to Acraea encedon where meiotic drive of the Y chromosome has been postulated. The view is put forward that the polymorphism in H. bolina is maintained by the ‘infected’ females being at a slight disadvantage and that their numbers are maintained by contagion from an unidentified reservoir species.

scholarly journals Chromosomal and extrachromosomal transmission of cellular melanization in the Freckled phenotype in Drosophila melanogaster

1968 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-150
Author(s):  
C. Barigozzi ◽  
M. Sari Gorla
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Double Dose ◽  
Dominant Mutant

Freckled (Frd) is a dominant mutant of D. melanogaster, lethal in double dose, which manifests itself by melanization in the adult stage, while nothing can be noticed in the larva and/or in the pupa. Its localization has been determined at nearly 102 of the second chromosome.Among the offspring from backcrosses involving Frd, some individuals that do not carry the Frd gene exhibit a weak Frd manifestation in the adult stage, or a stronger one, mostly lethal, in the larval or pupal stage. Weak Frd, indicated as [Frd], is transmitted indefinitely without any recognizable linkage with the chromosomes, although its frequency is influenced by the 1st and, probably, by the 3rd chromosome. No matroclinous transmission has been found. It is concluded that [Frd] is probably controlled by an extrachromosomal entity, not located in the cytoplasm. The possible relationships between Frd and [Frd] are discussed.

scholarly journals Habitat selection: Olfactory response of Drosophila melanogaster depends on resources

Heredity ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
A A Hoffmann ◽  
P A Parsons ◽  
K M Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Habitat Selection ◽  
Olfactory Response

scholarly journals Effect of Leaves and Fruits Ethanolic Extract of Duranta repens on Mosquito Culex pipens pipens

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 870-876 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baghdad Science Journal
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
High Mortality ◽  
Culex Pipiens ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Fourth Generation ◽  
Larval Instars ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Biological Performance

The study aimes to investigate the effects of leaves & fruits ethanolic extract of Duranta repens L. on biological performance for all stages of life cycle of the mosquito Culex pipiens piepiens L., For this purpose the mosquitoes were reared in the laboratory till the fourth generation .Different concentrations of leaves (800,1000,1200,1400ppm) and fruits (800,1000,1200ppm) were tested on (eggs,larval stages,pupal stages and the adult stages). The results revealed that the extracts gave highest mortality rate for the eggs at(100%) compared with control,fruits extract shown highest mortality rate of the four larval instars (100%)at 1200ppm compared with leave extract at(80,50,33.33,20%).Also the extract caused a high mortality rate for pupal stage compared with fruits extract at(76.66,53.33%)respectively.Also ethanolic extract caused a 83.33,76.66% for male &femail. Developmental deformation was observed.. In conclusion, the findings of the present study indicate that the leaves &fruits extracts of Duranta repens L., , can be widely and effectively used in the control of mosquito.

scholarly journals Chemoreceptivity of Drosophila melanogaster

1946 ◽  
Vol 133 (870) ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Olfactory Response ◽  
Sensory Function ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Pit Organ ◽  
Chemical Stimuli ◽  
Thermal Stimuli

The occurrence of mutants of Drosophila melanogaster distinguished by the absence or structural modification of the antennae provides a means of assessing the role of the antennae with respect to the reception of various classes of stimuli. Antennaless ( A 0 ) phenotypes of antennaless stock fail to respond to those chemical stimuli which lead the fly to its food. Their temperature reactions are normal, and their humidity responses are opposite to those of somatically wild-type flies of the same stock or of wild-type controls. Aristapedia ( ss a ), which have leg-like antennae equipped with surface pegs and cones of supposed sensory function present in the normal antenna but absent in the normal leg, respond to chemical stimuli and humidity differences. As compared with that of normal flies, the olfactory response of aristapedia ( ss a ) is somewhat less intense, the humidity reaction being somewhat stronger. These mutants do not give the characteristic responses evoked by thermal stimuli both in normal flies and antennaless phenotypes. The outstanding histological differences between the structure of the antenna of aristapedia and that of wild-type flies is the absence of the pit organ. It thus seems that the pit organ is not essential to the olfactory response and plays no essential part in the humidity response. Since antennaless ( A 0 ) responds normally to thermal stimuli, none of the putative sense organs of the antennae are essential to the recognition of temperature differences, and since aristapedia ( ss a ) responds more weakly to chemical stimuli than do normal flies, the pit organs may well be long-distance chemoreceptors. What is more certain is that either the peg-like organs or the cones on the surface of the distal joint of the antennae or both are chemoreceptors. The same remark is equally applicable to the perception of humidity differences. Experiments here recorded do not justify the identification of the function of one or other type of sensilla with one or the other type of receptivity. While it is unjustifiable to exclude the possibility that short-distance chemical stimuli play a part in the attraction of flies of opposite sex, it appears that the main role of chemoreceptivity in relation to the mating behaviour of D. melanogaster is to ensure the aggregation of flies of both sexes in situations where food is available and sexual congress can be evoked by other forms of stimulation.

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF LARVAE OF THE GRANARY WEEVIL, SITOPHILUS GRANARIUS (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE), ON NATURAL AND MERIDIC DIETS

1973 ◽  
Vol 105 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Baker ◽  
J. M. Mabie
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Flour ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Sitophilus Granarius ◽  
Granary Weevil ◽  
Whole Wheat Flour ◽  
Whole Wheat ◽  
Meridic Diet

AbstractA procedure is described for obtaining free eggs and first-stage larvae of Sitophilus granarius (L.) and rearing the larvae to the adult stage on whole wheat, corn, and rice flours and on diet 2, a casein–starch-based meridic diet.Larval growth rates of males and females reared at 29 °C and 65% R.H. on whole wheat flour were comparable although males attained a higher maximum mean weight. Days to 50% adult emergence (eclosion) were 25.5 and 26.5 for females and males, respectively.Larval growth rates on whole wheat flour were comparable with those on whole corn flour but were better than the rates obtained on whole rice flour; however, growth on diet 2 was improved compared with that on whole wheat flour. The mean weights of 14-day-old larvae were 2.51 ±.40 mg and 1.25 ±.16 mg for those reared on diet 2 and wheat flour, respectively. Similarly, survival to the adult stage was slightly greater (79%) on diet 2 than on wheat (70%). On diet 1, a casein–glucose-based meridic diet, no larvae developed to the pupal stage.

PHYTOSTEROL REQUIREMENT FOR PROPAGATION OF RHINOCYLLUS CONICUS (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) ON ARTIFICIAL DIETS

1985 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 276-280
Author(s):  
D. J. Rowe ◽  
L. T. Kok ◽  
D. M. Orcutt
Keyword(s):  
High Mortality ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Artificial Diets ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Rhinocyllus Conicus

The development of Rhinocyllus conicus Froelich was evaluated on 52 artificial diets. Selected diet constituents were varied to determine their effects on weevil development. High mortality without initial feeding on diets with cholesterol suggested that phytosterol is essential as a phagostimulant. Only nine of the diets supported development of first instar larvae to the adult stage; sitosterol was present in each of the successful diets. The low yields of adult weevils indicate inadequacies in the diets.

SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT AND HABITS OF PSEUDOPITYOPHTHORUS SPP. (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) IN SOUTHERN OHIO

1969 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 306-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles O. Rexrode
Keyword(s):  
Larval Stage ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Seasonal Development ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Spring Emergence ◽  
Seasonal History ◽  
Initial Entry

AbstractDuring 1965–67, the seasonal history and habits of two oak bark beetles, Pseudopityophthorus minutissimus (Zimm.) and P. pruinosus (Eichhoff), were studied in 47 oaks, Quercus spp., in southern Ohio.All study trees were attacked and the male beetles made initial entry into the trees. The attack period per tree was usually 1–3 days, and the density of attack varied from 5 to 120 galleries 1 ft2 of surface area. Oviposition began as soon as egg gallery construction began, and the incubation period was about 5 days in the summer. The rate of egg gallery construction was about 0.2 in./day in mid-summer. The average length of the egg galleries was 1.9 cm and the average number of eggs per gallery was 41.5. Over 50% of the parent adults of both species re-emerged after egg gallery construction and oviposition. The re-emerging parent adults can attack, lay eggs, and re-emerge three times. The larval stage can last 25–247 days, the pupal stage 15–139 days, and the adult stage 7–198 days. The beetles can overwinter in every stage but the pupal stage. Spring emergence occurred 29 April in 1966 and 14 April in 1967, and in southern Ohio, two generations and a partial one occur each year.Trap trees were attacked 7–205 days and brood emergence lasted 58–329 days. The beetles can attack one tree three times.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document