scholarly journals Peripheral Receptors Affecting Breathing and Cardiovascular Function in Non-Mammalian Vertebrates

1982 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Jones ◽  
William K. Milsom
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Cell Complexes ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Normal Breathing ◽  
Lower Vertebrates ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Circulatory Reflexes ◽  
Stimulus Modalities

Most vertebrates show respiratory and circulatory reflexes which can be traced to stimulation of various extero- or interoceptors. Widely distributed groups of exteroceptors, with a variety of stimulus modalities, are associated with defence reflexes which protect the respiratory passages and gas exchange surfaces. Other exteroceptors are associated only with the gas exchange surfaces. These are either mechanoreceptors or chemoreceptors and have a range of different dynamic characteristics, but are none-the-less amazingly uniform in their role in control of the normal breathing pattern. Intravascular receptors stimulated by the arterial blood pressure are located on all the gills in fishes, yet appear to be restricted to the pulmocutaneous arteries in anuran amphibians and to the truncal region or aortic root in reptiles and birds. On the other hand, the distribution of glomus-sustentacular-nerve cell complexes, associated with intravascular chemoreception, appears to be much more diffuse in higher than lower vertebrates. The wide distribution of these cell complexes may be attributed to their embryological origin from neural crest cells. Even so, the presence of these complexes does not appear to be essential for respiratory responses to environmental hypoxia since they have not been located in teleost fishes. The role of peripheral receptors in controlling cardiovascular and respiratory functions, under steady state conditions in non-mammalian vertebrates, is not well defined and it may be that they are only modulators of circulatory and respiratory patterns arising from hormonal or humoral effects on the central nervous system.

scholarly journals Missing pieces of the Piezo1/Piezo2 baroreceptor hypothesis: an autonomic perspective

2019 ◽  
Vol 122 (3) ◽  
pp. 1207-1212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean D. Stocker ◽  
Alan F. Sved ◽  
Michael C. Andresen
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Arterial Blood Pressure ◽  
Tissue Perfusion ◽  
Cellular Mechanism ◽  
Baroreceptor Function ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Regulation Of Blood Pressure

Baroreceptors play a pivotal role in the regulation of blood pressure through moment to moment sensing of arterial blood pressure and providing information to the central nervous system to make autonomic adjustments to maintain appropriate tissue perfusion. A recent publication by Zeng and colleagues (Zeng WZ, Marshall KL, Min S, Daou I, Chapleau MW, Abboud FM, Liberles SD, Science 362: 464–467, 2018) suggests the mechanosensitive ion channels Piezo1 and Piezo2 represent the cellular mechanism by which baroreceptor nerve endings sense changes in arterial blood pressure. However, before Piezo1 and Piezo2 are accepted as the sensor of baroreceptors, the question must be asked of what criteria are necessary to establish this and how well the report of Zeng and colleagues (Zeng WZ, Marshall KL, Min S, Daou I, Chapleau MW, Abboud FM, Liberles SD, Science 362: 464–467, 2018) satisfies these criteria. We briefly review baroreceptor function, outline criteria that a putative neuronal sensor of blood pressure must satisfy, and discuss whether the recent findings of Zeng and colleagues suitably meet these criteria. Despite the provocative hypothesis, there are significant concerns regarding the evidence supporting a role of Piezo1/Piezo2 in arterial baroreceptor function.

scholarly journals The Cerebellar Dopaminergic System

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Flace ◽  
Paolo Livrea ◽  
Gianpaolo Antonio Basile ◽  
Diana Galletta ◽  
Antonella Bizzoca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Dopaminergic System ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Receptor Subtypes ◽  
Neuronal System ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Chemical Neuroanatomy ◽  
Pharmacologic Treatments

In the central nervous system (CNS), dopamine (DA) is involved in motor and cognitive functions. Although the cerebellum is not been considered an elective dopaminergic region, studies attributed to it a critical role in dopamine deficit-related neurological and psychiatric disorders [e.g., Parkinson's disease (PD) and schizophrenia (SCZ)]. Data on the cerebellar dopaminergic neuronal system are still lacking. Nevertheless, biochemical studies detected in the mammalians cerebellum high dopamine levels, while chemical neuroanatomy studies revealed the presence of midbrain dopaminergic afferents to the cerebellum as well as wide distribution of the dopaminergic receptor subtypes (DRD1-DRD5). The present review summarizes the data on the cerebellar dopaminergic system including its involvement in associative and projective circuits. Furthermore, this study also briefly discusses the role of the cerebellar dopaminergic system in some neurologic and psychiatric disorders and suggests its potential involvement as a target in pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatments.

Presence of aldosterone-like immunoreactivity in cerebrospinal fluid in normotensive subjects

1992 ◽  
Vol 126 (6) ◽  
pp. 501-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yo Kageyama ◽  
Hiromichi Suzuki ◽  
Takao Saruta
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Plasma Renin ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Specific Receptors ◽  
Normotensive Subjects ◽  
The Brain

Accumulating evidence, including a wide distribution of specific receptors for aldosterone in the brain, has revealed a potential role of aldosterone in the central nervous system. However, whether or not aldosterone is present in cerebrospinal fluid remains unclear. We attempted to detect aldosterone in cerebrospinal fluid in 14 normotensive subjects. Cerebrospinal fluid was obtained by lumbar puncture. Aldosterone-like immunoreactivity was detected in cerebrospinal fluid (163±5 pmol/l, range 139-211 pmol/l) and was found to significantly correlate to both plasma aldosterone (r = 0.70, p<0.01) and plasma renin activity (r=0.68, p<0.01). However, no significant relationship was found between aldosterone-like immunoreactivity in cerebrospinal fluid and the level of sodium or potassium in cerebrospinal fluid or mean blood pressure. Although we confirmed the presence of aldosterone-like immunoreactivity in cerebrospinal fluid of normotensive subjects, the physiological role of aldosterone in cerebrospinal fluid has yet to be elucidated. Further study will thus be needed to determine the role of cerebrospinal fluid aldosterone.

Ecological, coenotic and floristic analysis of groups of associations of broadleaved-coniferous forests from central European Russia

2001 ◽  
pp. 38-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. B. Zaugolnova ◽  
I. I. Istomina ◽  
E. V. Tikhonova
Keyword(s):  
Wide Distribution ◽  
European Russia ◽  
Coniferous Forests ◽  
Computer Data ◽  
East Europe ◽  
Central European ◽  
Reference Base ◽  
Floristic Analysis ◽  
Regional Factors

Two computer data bases were formed: reference base «Prodromus» including the nomenclature forest syntaxa and experienced geobotanic releves «Forests of European Russia». Ecological, coenotic and floristic analysis of broadleaved-coniferous forests mostly corresponding to association Rhodobryo rosei – Piceetum abietis Korotkov 1986 was conducted with these bases. Releves (305) from South taiga and broadleaved-coniferous subzone were used. The analysis revealed complex syntaxonomy, bo­real-nemoral character and wide distribution ass. Rhodobryo-Piceetum from central European Russia. Ecolo­gical comparison of this association with some no­men­clature types of broadleaved-coniferous communities in East Europe was carried out. Preliminary prodromus for Euro­pean Russian mixed forests is suggested. Role of ecologi­cal, succession and regional factors was shown for dif­ferentiation of syntaxa.

Juvenile xanthogranuloma of the subdural spaces mimicking chronic hematoma with positive FDG uptake on PET: case report

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 449-453
Author(s):  
Jacob A. Kahn ◽  
Jeffrey T. Waltz ◽  
Ramin M. Eskandari ◽  
Cynthia T. Welsh ◽  
Michael U. Antonucci
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Juvenile Xanthogranuloma ◽  
Imaging Features ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Advanced Imaging ◽  
Systemic Involvement ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Infancy And Early Childhood

The authors report an unusual presentation of juvenile xanthogranuloma (JXG), a non–Langerhans cell histiocytosis of infancy and early childhood. This entity typically presents as a cutaneous head or neck nodule but can manifest with more systemic involvement including in the central nervous system. However, currently there is limited information regarding specific imaging features differentiating JXG from other neuropathological entities, with diagnosis typically made only after tissue sampling. The authors reviewed the initial images of a young patient with shunt-treated hydrocephalus and enlarging, chronic, extraaxial processes presumed to reflect subdural collections from overshunting, and they examine the operative discovery of a mass lesion that was pathologically proven to be JXG. Their results incorporate the important associated histological and advanced imaging features, including previously unreported metabolic activity on FDG PET. Ultimately, the case underscores the need to consider JXG in differential diagnoses of pediatric intracranial masses and highlights the potential role of PET in the initial diagnosis and response to treatment.

Role of a nurse in the rehabilitation of children using ReviMotion hardware and software complex

2020 ◽  
pp. 49-56
Author(s):  
T. Shirshova
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Equipment Management ◽  
School Age ◽  
Rehabilitation Process ◽  
Software Complex ◽  
Trained Personnel ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Disorders of the musculoskeletal system in school-age children occupy 1-2 places in the structure of functional abnormalities. Cognitive impairment without organic damage to the central nervous system is detected in 30-56% of healthy school children. Along with the increase in the incidence rate, the demand for rehabilitation systems, which allow patients to return to normal life as soon as possible and maintain the motivation for the rehabilitation process, is also growing. Adaptation of rehabilitation techniques, ease of equipment management, availability of specially trained personnel and availability of technical support for complexes becomes important.

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