scholarly journals Contrasting strategies of osmotic and ionic regulation in freshwater crabs and shrimps: gene expression of gill ion transporters

2020 ◽  
pp. jeb.233890
Author(s):  
Milene Mantovani ◽  
John Campbell McNamara
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Membrane Transporters ◽  
Transporter Gene ◽  
Gene Expressions ◽  
Freshwater Crabs ◽  
Niche Diversity ◽  
Osmotic Challenge ◽  
Dilocarcinus Pagei ◽  
Osmoregulatory Ability

Owing to their extraordinary niche diversity, the Crustacea are ideal for comprehending the evolution of osmoregulation. The processes that effect systemic hydro-electrolytic homeostasis maintain hemolymph ionic composition via membrane transporters located in highly specialized gill ionocytes. We evaluated physiological and molecular hyper- and hypo-osmoregulatory mechanisms in two phylogenetically distant, freshwater crustaceans, the crab Dilocarcinus pagei and the shrimp Macrobrachium jelskii, when osmotically challenged for up to 10 days. When in distilled water, D. pagei survived without mortality, hemolymph osmolality and [Cl−] increased briefly, stabilizing at initial values, while [Na+] decreased continually. Gill V(H+)-ATPase, Na+/K+-ATPase and Na+/K+/2Cl− gene expressions were unchanged. In M. jelskii, hemolymph osmolality, [Cl−] and [Na+] decreased continually for 12 h, the shrimps surviving only around 15 to 24 h exposure. Gill transporter gene expressions increased 2- to 5-fold. After 10-days exposure to brackish water (25 ‰S), D. pagei was isosmotic, iso-chloremic and iso-natriuremic. Gill V(H+)-ATPase expression decreased while Na+/K+-ATPase and Na+/K+/2Cl− expressions were unchanged. In M. jelskii (20 ‰S), hemolymph was hypo-regulated, particularly [Cl−]. Transporter expressions initially increased 3- to 12-fold, declining to control values. Gill V(H+)-ATPase expression underlies the ability of D. pagei to survive in fresh water while V(H+)- and Na+/K+-ATPase and Na+/K+/2Cl− expressions enable M. jelskii to confront hyper/hypo-osmotic challenge. These findings reveal divergent responses in two unrelated crustaceans inhabiting a similar osmotic niche. While D. pagei does not secrete salt, tolerating elevated cellular isosmoticity, M. jelskii exhibits clear hypo-osmoregulatory ability. Each species has evolved distinct strategies at the transcriptional and systemic levels during its adaptation to fresh water.

scholarly journals Osmotic and ionic regulation by hololimnetic freshwater crustaceans: a molecular role for gill ion transporters

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milene Mantovani ◽  
John Campbell McNamara
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Membrane Transporters ◽  
Transcription Level ◽  
Gene Expressions ◽  
Niche Diversity ◽  
Gene Transcription Level ◽  
Summary Statement ◽  
Osmotic Challenge ◽  
Osmoregulatory Ability

AbstractOwing to their extraordinary niche diversity, the Crustacea are ideal for comprehending the evolution of osmoregulation. The processes that effect systemic hydro-electrolytic homeostasis maintain hemolymph ionic composition via membrane transporters located in highly specialized gill ionocytes. We evaluated physiological and molecular hyper- and hypo-osmoregulatory mechanisms in two phylogenetically distant, freshwater crustaceans, the crab Dilocarcinus pagei and the shrimp Macrobrachium jelskii, when osmotically challenged for up to 10 days. When in distilled water, hemolymph osmolality and [Cl−] increased briefly in D. pagei, stabilizing at initial values, while [Na+] decreased continually. Gill V(H+)-ATPase, Na+/K+-ATPase and Na+/K+/2Cl− gene expressions were unchanged. In M. jelskii, hemolymph osmolality, [Cl−] and [Na+] decreased continually for 12 h, the shrimps no longer surviving. Gill transporter gene expressions increased 2- to 5-fold. After 10-days exposure to brackish water, D. pagei was isosmotic, iso-chloremic and iso-natriuremic. Gill V(H+)-ATPase expression decreased while Na+/K+-ATPase and Na+/K+/2Cl− expressions were unchanged. In M. jelskii, the hemolymph was hypo-regulated, particularly [Cl−]. Transporter expressions initially increased 3- to 12-fold, declining to control values. Gill V(H+)-ATPase expression underlies the ability of D. pagei to survive in fresh water while Na+/K+-ATPase and Na+/K+/2Cl− expressions enable M. jelskii to deal with osmotic challenge. These findings reveal divergent responses in two unrelated crustaceans habiting a similar osmotic niche. While D. pagei has maintained the capacity to tolerate elevated cellular isosmoticity despite its inability to secrete salt, M. jelskii displays clear hypo-osmoregulatory ability. Each species has developed distinct strategies at the transcription and systemic levels during adaptation to fresh water.Summary statementDuring their evolutionary adaptation to fresh water, unrelated hololimnetic crustaceans have developed physiological strategies like tolerating elevated cellular isosmoticity or regulating hypo-osmoregulatory ability at the gene transcription level.

The Osmoregulatory Ability of the Lampern (Lampetra Fluviatilis L.) In Sea Water During the Course of its Spawning Migration

1956 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 235-248
Author(s):  
R. MORRIS
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Water Concentration ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Plasma Chloride ◽  
Osmoregulatory Ability ◽  
Better Than

1. Although fresh-run lamperns are able to withstand the effects of increasing sea-water concentration better than maturing animals, they can only maintain their plasma chloride constant in environments more dilute than 50% sea water. This is achieved, in part, by gradually reducing the urine output from the normal fresh-water level (155.8 ml./kg./day) to a negligible rate in solutions which are mildly hypertonic to the blood (33% sea water). 2. Studies on the rate of change of weight loss, of plasma chloride and of plasma osmotic pressure following abrupt immersion in dilute sea water show that mature lamperns cannot osmoregulate and can only survive in 33% sea water by tolerating a raised blood osmotic pressure caused by water loss. 3. Similar experiments on fresh-run animals suggest that the external surfaces of their bodies are less permeable to water than mature animals. Unlike mature animals, they also show considerable variation in the way in which they respond to 33% sea water. Some are able to maintain their plasma osmotic pressure and chloride well below that of the environment. These animals also show little loss in weight, and this indicates that water is taken up actively, since this process has been shown to occur in some animals. Other fresh-run animals show raised plasma osmotic pressures in varying degrees and these are associated with larger losses of weight. These facts suggest that the hypotonic regulating mechanism gradually degenerates as the lampern enters fresh water.

Isotope geochemistry of stratified Lake "A," Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Canada

1984 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 1008-1017 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. O. Jeffries ◽  
H. R. Krouse ◽  
M. A. Shakur ◽  
S. A. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Isotope Geochemistry ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Ellesmere Island ◽  
Ocean Water ◽  
Cation Composition ◽  
Stratified Lake ◽  
Ion Concentrations ◽  
Different Depths

Ionic composition, salinity, temperature, pH, tritium, and stable isotope compositions of water and ions were determined for samples collected in 1969 and 1982 from different depths of stratified Lake "A" on Ellesmere Island. Tritium contents and ionic and stable isotope compositions were diagnostic of recent fresh water overlying older, deeper trapped seawater. A temperature maximum occurs at 15 m in the freshwater–seawater transition zone. Salinity, δ18O, and δD data suggest that the lake evaporated slightly and acquired about 12% fresh water prior to stratification. Individual ion concentrations reveal a slightly modified cation composition and marked depletions in sulphate and enrichments in dissolved carbonate compared with modern ocean water. The δ34S, δ18O, and δ13C data for [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] attest to extensive anaerobic [Formula: see text] reduction during the lake's history.

Effect of maternal dietary energy types on placenta nutrient transporter gene expressions and intrauterine fetal growth in rats

Nutrition ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 28 (10) ◽  
pp. 1037-1043 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Lin ◽  
Yong Zhuo ◽  
Zheng-feng Fang ◽  
Lian-qiang Che ◽  
De Wu
Keyword(s):  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Transporter Gene ◽  
Gene Expressions ◽  
Nutrient Transporter

Osmoregulatory ability of chum salmon,Oncorhynchus keta, reared in fresh water for prolonged periods

1987 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Hasegawa ◽  
T. Hirano ◽  
T. Ogasawara ◽  
M. Iwata ◽  
T. Akiyama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Chum Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
Chum Salmon Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
Osmoregulatory Ability

A note on the macrofauna of a temporary rainpool in semi-arid Western Australia

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 425 ◽  
Author(s):  
WD Williams
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Semi Arid

The chemistry and macrofauna of a temporary rainpool on soft substrata near Kalgoorlie, Western Australia, are described. The ionic composition of the water was dominated by sodium and chloride and salinity was relatively high (5324 ppm). The fauna was depauperate and many faunal groups typical of fresh water were not recorded. Several groups often found in temporary localities were also not recorded, including chironomids. Insects (Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Diptera) dominated the fauna. Also present was a species of frog (larvae) and various crustaceans.

Immunolocalization of Na+/K+-ATPase in branchial epithelium of chum salmon fry during seawater and freshwater acclimation

1998 ◽  
Vol 201 (22) ◽  
pp. 3031-3040 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Shikano ◽  
Y Fujio
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Brackish Water ◽  
Chum Salmon ◽  
Venous Sinus ◽  
Chloride Cells ◽  
Central Venous ◽  
Secondary Lamellae ◽  
Spherical Cells ◽  
Osmoregulatory Ability ◽  
Large Spherical

Immunolocalization of the -subunit of Na+/K+-ATPase was examined in the gill epithelium of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) fry during acclimation to brackish water (25 salinity) and reintroduction to fresh water. In freshwater fish, strong immunoreactivity was associated with the large spherical cells located on the free surface of the primary lamellae, especially in those found at the base of the secondary lamellae, and with the large spherical cells located on the secondary lamellae.The large spherical cells located near the central venous sinus at the base of the secondary lamellae and in the interlamellar regions, however, showed little or no immunoreactivity. When freshwater fish were acclimated to brackish water, immunoreactivity developed in the large spherical cells near the central venous sinus concomitant with an increase in the hypo-osmoregulatory ability of the fish. In contrast, reintroduction from brackish water to fresh water caused the disappearance of the immunoreactivity in the large spherical cells near the central venous sinus and a reduction in hypo-osmoregulatory ability. During acclimation to brackish water and reintroduction to fresh water, the hypo-osmoregulatory ability of the fish did not correlate with the total number of large spherical cells located on the primary lamellae but was closely correlated with the number of large spherical cells showing strong immunoreactivity for Na+/K+-ATPase. We conjecture that these immunopositive large spherical cells are mature differentiated chloride cells, whereas the immunonegative large spherical cells are young developing chloride cells. The development of immunoreactivity for Na+/K+-ATPase in young chloride cells may be one of the most important factors in the development of hypo-osmoregulatory ability by chum salmon fry.

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