Ionic composition of the plasma and whole blood of marine and fresh water eels, Anguilla rostrata

1974 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 541-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valory R. Munroe ◽  
John J. Poluhowich
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Anguilla Rostrata

Rheotaxis of Elvers of the American Eel (Anguilla rostrata) in the Laboratory to Water from Different Streams in Nova Scotia

1968 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 1591-1602 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. G. Miles
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
The Other ◽  
Anguilla Rostrata ◽  
American Eel ◽  
Heat Stable ◽  
Experimental Apparatus

In an experimental apparatus, elvers of the American eel (Anguilla rostrata) showed a stronger positive rheotaxis to fresh water than to salt water. The attractiveness of the fresh water was due to dissolved and particulate organic matter; these components were bio-degradable, heat stable, and nonvolatile. Four streams near Halifax, Nova Scotia, were tested, and were found to differ greatly in their attraction of elvers. Elvers were collected from each of three of these streams, and were not found to be attracted to their own stream water; elvers from one stream gave a greater rheotactic response than elvers from the other streams. The presence of adult eels in the water rendered it more attractive, whereas the presence of elvers made it less so.

Isotope geochemistry of stratified Lake "A," Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Canada

1984 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 1008-1017 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. O. Jeffries ◽  
H. R. Krouse ◽  
M. A. Shakur ◽  
S. A. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Isotope Geochemistry ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Ellesmere Island ◽  
Ocean Water ◽  
Cation Composition ◽  
Stratified Lake ◽  
Ion Concentrations ◽  
Different Depths

Ionic composition, salinity, temperature, pH, tritium, and stable isotope compositions of water and ions were determined for samples collected in 1969 and 1982 from different depths of stratified Lake "A" on Ellesmere Island. Tritium contents and ionic and stable isotope compositions were diagnostic of recent fresh water overlying older, deeper trapped seawater. A temperature maximum occurs at 15 m in the freshwater–seawater transition zone. Salinity, δ18O, and δD data suggest that the lake evaporated slightly and acquired about 12% fresh water prior to stratification. Individual ion concentrations reveal a slightly modified cation composition and marked depletions in sulphate and enrichments in dissolved carbonate compared with modern ocean water. The δ34S, δ18O, and δ13C data for [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] attest to extensive anaerobic [Formula: see text] reduction during the lake's history.

Pigmentation, otolith rings, and upstream migration of juvenile American eels (Anguilla rostrata) in a coastal Rhode Island stream

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 812-814 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander J. Haro ◽  
William H. Krueger
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transition ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Rhode Island ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Anguilla Rostrata ◽  
Upstream Migration ◽  
Total Length ◽  
Winter Temperatures ◽  
American Eels ◽  
Yellow Eels

American eels of <250 mm total length were collected in late summer and fall from three stations on the coastal Annaquatucket River. All eels possessed the yellow–green pigmentation characteristic of the yellow phase. Transition of partially pigmented elvers to fully pigmented yellow eels occurred during the summer months following the spring entry into fresh water and was accompanied by significant growth. Mean total length and mean number of annulus-like otolith rings increased significantly with distance upstream, suggesting that elvers migrate a limited distance in the 1st year, but continue on for at least several years thereafter as yellow eels. Upstream progress of eels in this system may be impeded by low winter temperatures, high stream gradient, dams, and impoundments.

A note on the macrofauna of a temporary rainpool in semi-arid Western Australia

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 425 ◽  
Author(s):  
WD Williams
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Semi Arid

The chemistry and macrofauna of a temporary rainpool on soft substrata near Kalgoorlie, Western Australia, are described. The ionic composition of the water was dominated by sodium and chloride and salinity was relatively high (5324 ppm). The fauna was depauperate and many faunal groups typical of fresh water were not recorded. Several groups often found in temporary localities were also not recorded, including chironomids. Insects (Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Diptera) dominated the fauna. Also present was a species of frog (larvae) and various crustaceans.

scholarly journals The Chemical Composition of the Blood of Some Aquatic Chordates, Including Members of the Tunicata, Cyclostomata and Osteichthyes

1954 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 424-442
Author(s):  
JAMES D. ROBERTSON
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Total Concentration ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Marine Teleost ◽  
Sulphate Content ◽  
Bony Fishes ◽  
Concentration Of Ions ◽  
Fresh Water Teleost ◽  
Fish Kidney

1. Fairly complete analyses have been given of the blood of certain tunicates, cyclostomes, and bony fishes. 2. The plasma of the tunicates Phallusia mammillata and Salpa maxima closely resembles sea water in ionic composition, except for a very reduced sulphate content. Protein is less than 1 g./l. 3. The serum of Myxine glutinosa is isosmotic with sea water within about 1%. Every ion is regulated; sodium and phosphate exceed their respective values in sea water, and the remaining ions are lower, especially sulphate and magnesium. Two values for urea are 122 and 255 mg./kg. water, the higher figure being about 0.3% of the total concentration of ions and non-electrolytes. 4. The composition of the plasma of Lampetra fluviatilis from fresh water resembles that of Coregonus clupeoides, a fresh-water teleost. Muraena helena, a marine teleost, maintains a total concentration of ions about one-third that of sea water. It differs from fresh-water teleosts chiefly in maintaining much higher sodium and chloride concentrations. 5. The implications of the dichotomy in osmotic and ionic regulation of myxinoids and petromyzonts are considered, and also the glomerular nature of the cyclostome and fish kidney.

scholarly journals Osmotic and ionic regulation by hololimnetic freshwater crustaceans: a molecular role for gill ion transporters

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milene Mantovani ◽  
John Campbell McNamara
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Membrane Transporters ◽  
Transcription Level ◽  
Gene Expressions ◽  
Niche Diversity ◽  
Gene Transcription Level ◽  
Summary Statement ◽  
Osmotic Challenge ◽  
Osmoregulatory Ability

AbstractOwing to their extraordinary niche diversity, the Crustacea are ideal for comprehending the evolution of osmoregulation. The processes that effect systemic hydro-electrolytic homeostasis maintain hemolymph ionic composition via membrane transporters located in highly specialized gill ionocytes. We evaluated physiological and molecular hyper- and hypo-osmoregulatory mechanisms in two phylogenetically distant, freshwater crustaceans, the crab Dilocarcinus pagei and the shrimp Macrobrachium jelskii, when osmotically challenged for up to 10 days. When in distilled water, hemolymph osmolality and [Cl−] increased briefly in D. pagei, stabilizing at initial values, while [Na+] decreased continually. Gill V(H+)-ATPase, Na+/K+-ATPase and Na+/K+/2Cl− gene expressions were unchanged. In M. jelskii, hemolymph osmolality, [Cl−] and [Na+] decreased continually for 12 h, the shrimps no longer surviving. Gill transporter gene expressions increased 2- to 5-fold. After 10-days exposure to brackish water, D. pagei was isosmotic, iso-chloremic and iso-natriuremic. Gill V(H+)-ATPase expression decreased while Na+/K+-ATPase and Na+/K+/2Cl− expressions were unchanged. In M. jelskii, the hemolymph was hypo-regulated, particularly [Cl−]. Transporter expressions initially increased 3- to 12-fold, declining to control values. Gill V(H+)-ATPase expression underlies the ability of D. pagei to survive in fresh water while Na+/K+-ATPase and Na+/K+/2Cl− expressions enable M. jelskii to deal with osmotic challenge. These findings reveal divergent responses in two unrelated crustaceans habiting a similar osmotic niche. While D. pagei has maintained the capacity to tolerate elevated cellular isosmoticity despite its inability to secrete salt, M. jelskii displays clear hypo-osmoregulatory ability. Each species has developed distinct strategies at the transcription and systemic levels during adaptation to fresh water.Summary statementDuring their evolutionary adaptation to fresh water, unrelated hololimnetic crustaceans have developed physiological strategies like tolerating elevated cellular isosmoticity or regulating hypo-osmoregulatory ability at the gene transcription level.

scholarly journals Contrasting strategies of osmotic and ionic regulation in freshwater crabs and shrimps: gene expression of gill ion transporters

2020 ◽  
pp. jeb.233890
Author(s):  
Milene Mantovani ◽  
John Campbell McNamara
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Membrane Transporters ◽  
Transporter Gene ◽  
Gene Expressions ◽  
Freshwater Crabs ◽  
Niche Diversity ◽  
Osmotic Challenge ◽  
Dilocarcinus Pagei ◽  
Osmoregulatory Ability

Owing to their extraordinary niche diversity, the Crustacea are ideal for comprehending the evolution of osmoregulation. The processes that effect systemic hydro-electrolytic homeostasis maintain hemolymph ionic composition via membrane transporters located in highly specialized gill ionocytes. We evaluated physiological and molecular hyper- and hypo-osmoregulatory mechanisms in two phylogenetically distant, freshwater crustaceans, the crab Dilocarcinus pagei and the shrimp Macrobrachium jelskii, when osmotically challenged for up to 10 days. When in distilled water, D. pagei survived without mortality, hemolymph osmolality and [Cl−] increased briefly, stabilizing at initial values, while [Na+] decreased continually. Gill V(H+)-ATPase, Na+/K+-ATPase and Na+/K+/2Cl− gene expressions were unchanged. In M. jelskii, hemolymph osmolality, [Cl−] and [Na+] decreased continually for 12 h, the shrimps surviving only around 15 to 24 h exposure. Gill transporter gene expressions increased 2- to 5-fold. After 10-days exposure to brackish water (25 ‰S), D. pagei was isosmotic, iso-chloremic and iso-natriuremic. Gill V(H+)-ATPase expression decreased while Na+/K+-ATPase and Na+/K+/2Cl− expressions were unchanged. In M. jelskii (20 ‰S), hemolymph was hypo-regulated, particularly [Cl−]. Transporter expressions initially increased 3- to 12-fold, declining to control values. Gill V(H+)-ATPase expression underlies the ability of D. pagei to survive in fresh water while V(H+)- and Na+/K+-ATPase and Na+/K+/2Cl− expressions enable M. jelskii to confront hyper/hypo-osmotic challenge. These findings reveal divergent responses in two unrelated crustaceans inhabiting a similar osmotic niche. While D. pagei does not secrete salt, tolerating elevated cellular isosmoticity, M. jelskii exhibits clear hypo-osmoregulatory ability. Each species has evolved distinct strategies at the transcriptional and systemic levels during its adaptation to fresh water.

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