scholarly journals Studies in the Respiration of Paramecium Caudatum

1948 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-134
Author(s):  
BEVERLEY A. HUMPHREY ◽  
GEORGE F. HUMPHREY
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Succinic Dehydrogenase ◽  
Animal Tissue ◽  
Endogenous Respiration ◽  
Paramecium Caudatum ◽  
Directed Migration ◽  
A Value ◽  
Alkaline Side

1. A method is described for reducing the numbers of bacteria in a suspension of Paramecium caudatum by an electrically directed migration through a sterile column of liquid. The resulting suspension was suitable for metabolic experiments. 2. Details are given of a Cartesian diver respirometer of ‘macro’ dimensions; this apparatus has a precision of about 10%. 3. The effect of pH on the endogenous respiration of a homogenate of P. caudatum showed an optimum in the region 7.0-7.3, with a wide tolerance on the acid side of the optimum but low tolerance on the alkaline side. 4. The endogenous oxygen consumption had a value of 1.9µl. per 104 animals per hr. and was inhibited 60% by 0.01 M-cyanide and 40% by 0.01 M-azide. Methylene blue did not increase the endogenous oxygen uptake. 5. Succinic acid doubled the oxygen consumption, this increase being inhibited by malonate. Methylene blue increased oxygen consumption in the presence, of succinate still further, and also abolished the inhibition of this extra respiration by cyanide and azide. 6. It is concluded that P. caudatum resembles other animal tissue in possessing an active succinic dehydrogenase.

SEASONAL CHANGES IN THE STANDARD RATE OF OXYGEN CONSUMPTION OF FISHES

1964 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. W. H. Beamish
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Brown Trout ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Spawning Period ◽  
A Value ◽  
Late Fall ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Standard Rate

The standard rate of oxygen consumption for brook and brown trout acclimated to 10 °C and exposed to natural daylight varied seasonally. For male brook trout, standard oxygen consumption increased from a low of 30 mg/kg hour during March and April to a maximum of 63 mg/kg hour during the late fall spawning period. The standard rates of the females approximated those for males. For male brown trout, standard oxygen uptake increased from a value of approximately 20 mg/kg hour during the winter and spring months to a high of roughly 30 mg/kg hour during the fall spawning period. Little change was observed in the standard oxygen consumption of female brown trout.

scholarly journals In Vitro Effects of X-radiation on White Blood Cells and Blood Platelets

Blood ◽  
1957 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 733-745 ◽  
Author(s):  
RICHARD WAGNER ◽  
NORMA MEYERRIECKS ◽  
CARROLL Z. BERMAN
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Dehydrogenase Activity ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Platelets ◽  
Sodium Succinate ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Succinic Dehydrogenase ◽  
Endogenous Respiration ◽  
Glycerophosphate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract 1) Alkaline phosphatase activity of leukocytes is enhanced by radiation with 50,000 r. This disturbance accentuates the inherent aging process of white blood cells and may be explained by changes in the cell envelope. 2) X-radiation diminishes the endogenous oxygen uptake of leukocyte-platelet suspensions by approximately 20 per cent. This response to radiation is demonstrable at exposures of as little as 5,000 r. The decreasing effect is diminished when substrates such as sodium succinate or α-glycerophosphate are added, within a wide range of their concentration. With increasing substrate concentration the decrease due to radiation approaches that of the endogenous respiration and even exceeds it in some of the experiments. 3) In pure blood platelets a similar decreasing x-radiation effect occurs for endogenous respiration as well as succinic dehydrogenase activity; α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity, on the other hand, is enhanced. 4) The oxygen uptake in leukocyte-platelet suspensions due only to leukocytes can be calculated. While the percentage radiation decrease of pure leukocytes is unchanged for endogenous and succinate activity, the decrease for α-glycerophosphate as substrate reaches considerably higher levels (68 per cent compared with 8.2 per cent in leukocyte-platelet suspensions). Thus α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity seems to be most sensitive to x-radiation. It was shown in one of our previous studies that α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase is one of the most important respiratory enzymes in leukocytes. 5) The glycolytic system in leukocytes remains intact following exposure to radiation with 50,000 r.

scholarly journals RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE ACTIVITY OF THE SUCCINOXIDASE SYSTEM AND THE RATE OF OXYGEN CONSUMPTION DURING THE EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE MEALWORM, TENEBRIO MOLITOR LINNAEUS

1955 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 729-734 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Ludwig ◽  
Mary C. Barsa
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Cytochrome Oxidase ◽  
Succinic Dehydrogenase ◽  
Respiratory Metabolism ◽  
Parental Age ◽  
Embryonic Period ◽  
A Value ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Rate Limiting

1. Readings were made on the rates of oxygen consumption and on the activities of the succinoxidase system of eggs of the mealworm for each day of embryonic development at 30°C. 2. The rate of oxygen consumption, expressed as microliters/50 eggs/hour, was low (4.89) in newly laid eggs. It rose to 7.41 during the next 24 hours, remained at this level for the next 2 days, and then increased during the remainder of the embryonic period reaching a high value of 14.79 at the time of hatching. 3. The activity of cytochrome oxidase in eggs from newly emerged beetles, expressed as Δ log [Cy Fe++]/minute, remained at a value of 0.042 during the first half of the embryonic period, increasing to 0.233 during the latter half of this period. 4. The activity of succinic dehydrogenase showed the same series of changes except at much lower values. Expressed as Δ log [Cy Fe+++]/minute, they ranged from 0.010 in the newly laid egg to 0.034 at the end of the embryonic period. 5. The activity of cytochrome oxidase of the egg was found to decrease with parental age. Eggs from newly emerged beetles had activity values considerably higher than those of beetles 6 or 8 weeks after emergence. However, no comparable changes were noted in the activity of succinic dehydrogenase or in the rate of oxygen consumption. These observations suggest that cytochrome oxidase is not a rate-limiting enzyme in the respiratory metabolism of the mealworm egg.

scholarly journals THE PRESENCE OF AN ENDOGENOUS RESPIRATION IN THE AUTOTROPHIC BACTERIA

1942 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 617-622 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. G. Vogler
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Organic Materials ◽  
Endogenous Respiration ◽  
Thiobacillus Thiooxidans ◽  
Autotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Autotrophic Bacterium

It is shown that there exists in the autotrophic bacterium Thiobacillus thiooxidans a measurable oxygen uptake in the absence of the specific nutrient (sulfur). This respiration is shown to be due to the utilization of organic materials which must have been previously synthesized by the chemosynthetic process, providing evidence that autotrophic bacteria contain a dissimilatory process which involves the breakdown of organic materials and furnishes energy for the maintenance of the cell during periods in which the specific nutrient is absent. This is entirely in accord with the work of Bömeke (1939), who provided similar types of proof for Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter. One may conclude, therefore, that autotrophic bacteria possess an endogenous respiration which involves the utilization of previously synthesized organic materials.

scholarly journals No major thermogenic role for (Na+ + K+)-dependent adenosine triphosphatase apparent in hepatocytes from hyperthyroid rats

1982 ◽  
Vol 202 (3) ◽  
pp. 661-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
D G Clark ◽  
M Brinkman ◽  
O H Filsell ◽  
S J Lewis ◽  
M N Berry
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Atpase Activity ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Adenosine Triphosphatase ◽  
Heat Output ◽  
Liver Parenchymal ◽  
Dependent Atpase ◽  
Parenchymal Cells ◽  
Isolated Liver

(Na+ + K+)-dependent ATPase activity, heat production and oxygen consumption were increased by 59%, 62% and 75% respectively in hepatocytes from tri-iodothyronine-treated rats. Ouabain at concentrations of 1 and 10 mM decreased oxygen uptake by 2-8% in hepatocytes from euthyroid rats and by 5-15% in hepatocytes from hyperthyroid animals. Heat output was decreased by 4-9% with the glycoside in isolated liver parenchymal cells from the control animals and by 11% in the cells from the tri-iodothyronine-treated animals. These results do not support the hypothesis that hepatic (Na+ + K+)-ATPase plays a major role in increased heat production in hepatocytes from hyperthyroid rats.

The effect of the acanthocephalan Pomphorhynchus laevis upon the respiration of its intermediate host, Gammarus pulex

Parasitology ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Rumpus ◽  
C. R. Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Gammarus Pulex ◽  
Multiple Infections ◽  
Pomphorhynchus Laevis ◽  
Respiration Rates ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Host Parasite

The respiration rates of individual Gammarus pulex infected by larval Pomphorhynchus laevis were investigated with particular reference to the stage of development of the host and parasite and to the water temperature. At 20°C the oxygen consumption of Gammarus of all sizes was reduced by an average of 19·3 % by the presence of cystacanths of the parasite, but was unaffected by the presence of acanthellae. It is considered that the small size of this larval stage, in relation to that of its host, is responsible for the failure to detect an effect. Multiple infections did not exert any greater effect upon host respiration than single cystacanths, nor did it appear that the parasite had different effects upon hosts of different sexes. At 10°C no significant differences were observed between the respiration rates of infected and uninfected gammarids. The parasite was probably still depressing the host respiration rate at this temperature, but the oxygen uptake of G. pulex is so low that the differences between infected and uninfected individuals were too small to be detected. The parasite has a direct effect upon the physiological processes of the host, but neither the mechanism of this nor the reasons for the different effects found in different host-parasite systems are yet understood. Despite the pronounced effect of P. laevis on respiration of individual hosts, its effect upon the oxygen consumption of a natural host population is small since only a small proportion of the population carries infections and water temperatures remain below 10°C for over half the year.

scholarly journals Oxygen uptake during mineralization of photosynthesized carbon from phytoplankton of the Barra Bonita Reservoir: a mesocosm study

2008 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
MB. Cunha-Santino ◽  
SP. Gouvêa ◽  
I. Bianchini Jr ◽  
AAH. Vieira
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Microbial Respiration ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Organic Products ◽  
Aulacoseira Granulata

This study aimed to discuss and describe the oxygen consumption during aerobic mineralization of organic products (cells and excretion products) from five unialgal cultures: Cryptomonas sp., Microcystis aeruginosa, Anabaena spiroides, Thalassiosira sp. and Aulacoseira granulata. These species were isolated from Barra Bonita reservoir (22º 29’ S and 48º 34’ W) and cultivated in the laboratory. From each culture, two decomposition chambers were prepared; each chamber contained about 130 mg.L-1 of carbon from water samples of the reservoir. The chambers were aerated and incubated in the dark at 20.0 ºC. The concentration of dissolved oxygen, pH values and electrical conductivity of the solutions were determined during a period of 10 days. The results indicated increases in oxygen consumption for all the solutions studied and also for electrical conductivity. The pH values presented a decreasing tendency throughout the experiment. Oxygen consumption varied from 43 (Aulacoseira granulata chamber) to 345 mg O2 g-1 C (Anabaena spiroides chamber). Decrease in pH values was probably due to increase in CO2 concentration from microbial respiration. Increase in electrical conductivity might be due to the liberation of ions during decomposition. The results demonstrate the potentiality of the studied genera in influencing oxygen availability followed by a die-off event. It also indicates the possibility of changing of the electrical conductivity and pH values in the water column due the aerobic algae mineralization.

Metabolic control of Argyropelecus hemigymnus photophores: effects of glucose and pyruvate

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (9) ◽  
pp. 2410-2413 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Mallefet ◽  
F. Baguet
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Metabolic Control ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Light Emission ◽  
Mesopelagic Fish ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Hypometabolic State ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Time

Modifications in oxygen consumption and luminescence of isolated luminescent organs of the mesopelagic fish Argyropelecus hemigymnus following glucose and pyruvate administration were studied before and during light emission triggered by adrenaline. Isolated photophores (mean fresh weight 13.5 ± 0.9 mg) at rest, i.e., in the absence of light emission, in saline (20 °C) exhibit a respiration rate of 1.045 ± 0.082 (SE) nmol O2/min (n = 35). A significant decrease (p = 0.05) in oxygen consumption was observed after the addition of 5.5 mM glucose. Instead of the oxygen decrease usually observed as a result of control stimulations using adrenaline, photophores pretreated with glucose increased their oxygen uptake in response to adrenaline, and maximal light emission was reduced by 85% (p = 0.01). The addition of 5.5 mM pyruvate induced a significant transient increase (p = 0.05) in oxygen uptake of isolated photophores, though this treatment did not statistically modify the mean time course of oxygen consumption and light emission in response to adrenaline. The hypothesis of a hypometabolic state of the isolated photophores of A. hemigymnus during light emission is discussed.

scholarly journals The Effect of Narcotics on the Endogenous Respiration and Succinate Oxidation in Oyster Muscle

1948 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 504-512
Author(s):  
George Frederick Humphrey
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Benzoic Acid ◽  
Succinic Acid ◽  
Chloral Hydrate ◽  
Endogenous Respiration ◽  
Succinate Oxidation ◽  
Adductor Muscles

The action of the following compounds on homogenates of the adductor muscles of Saxostrea commercialis was studied: urethane, phenyl urethane, chloral hydrate, salicylic acid, morphine, caffeine, barbitone, benzoic acid, salicylamide and benzamide.It was found that, except for 0·05 M urethane, the endogenous oxygen consumption was reduced by all these compounds when present in concentrations ranging from o·001 to 0·05M. The oxidation of succinic acid was partially inhibited by these substances.These findings are discussed in relation to similar studies on other tissues.

THE IN VITRO ACTION OF ACTH ON THE OXYGEN CONSUMPTION OF SLICES OF CATTLE ADRENAL CORTEX

1953 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 379-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. REISS ◽  
EVA BRUMMEL ◽  
I. D. K. HALKERSTON ◽  
F. E. BADRICK ◽  
M. FENWICK
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Adrenal Cortex ◽  
Oxygen Consumption Rate ◽  
Consumption Rate ◽  
Biological Assay ◽  
Percentage Increase ◽  
Small Doses

A technique for measuring the action of small doses of ACTH on the oxygen consumption of slices of cattle adrenal cortex is described. The oxygen consumption rate of such slices in vitro is increased by ACTH. A linear relationship between logarithm of the dose of ACTH and the percentage increase in the rate of oxygen uptake is obtained with this method, and its suitability for biological assay purposes has been investigated. The question of the specificity of this action of ACTH is discussed.

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