Comparative Physiology of the Vertebrate Autonomic Nervous System

1963 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 421-436
Author(s):  
G. BURNSTOCK ◽  
G. CAMPBELL
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Histological Study ◽  
Circular Muscle ◽  
Vascular Supply ◽  
Evolutionary Significance ◽  
Blocking Agents ◽  
Pelvic Nerves ◽  
Drug Actions ◽  
Stimulation Of

1. A histological study of the structure of the urinary bladder of the ringtail possum has been made. The innervation of the bladder has been studied in vitro, using the technique of analytical pharmacology. 2. The bladder has well-defined inner longitudinal and outer circular muscle layers. Nerves supplying the bladder are found both in the pelvic nerves and in the vesical nerves which run with the vascular supply of the bladder fundus. Ganglia have been demonstrated along the trunks of the vesical nerves and also aggregated at the bladder neck. 3. The response of the bladder to stimulation of either nerve supply in situ or in vitro is always a simultaneous contraction of both longitudinal and circular muscles. Inhibitory responses to nerve stimulation have never been observed. The optimal frequency for stimulation of these nerves at 30° C. is 50 pulses/sec. 4. The bladder is contracted by ACh and 5-hydroxytryptamine, but is relaxed by adrenaline, noradrenaline and histamine. 5. The response to nerve stimulation is reduced by atropine and potentiated by eserine. Adrenergic blocking agents do not affect the nerve-mediated response unless they also affect the response to applied ACh in a similar manner. 6. Ganglionic blocking agents, in concentrations which do not reduce the response to ACh, cause up to a 40% reduction of the response to stimulation of either the vesical or the pelvic nerves. 7. It is concluded that the nerve fibres supplying the possum bladder are cholinergic, perhaps 40 % of them being stimulated pre-ganglionically. 8. The evolutionary significance of these observations is discussed. 9. Some points of pharmacological interest have been discussed in relation to drug actions on placental mammal preparations.

Antagonism by Some β-Adrenoceptor-Blocking Agents to Cholinergic Stimulation of Skeletal Muscle in vitro

Pharmacology ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 319-326
Author(s):  
V.V. Kelkar ◽  
R.S. Gupta† ◽  
N.U. Jariwala ◽  
N.J. Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Cholinergic Stimulation ◽  
Beta Adrenoceptor ◽  
Blocking Agents ◽  
Stimulation Of

Neuromuscular control of the glottis in a primitive air-breathing fish, Amia calva

1993 ◽  
Vol 264 (1) ◽  
pp. R204-R210
Author(s):  
P. J. Davies ◽  
M. S. Hedrick ◽  
D. R. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Muscle Tension ◽  
Neuromuscular Control ◽  
Isometric Tension ◽  
Direct Stimulation ◽  
Amia Calva ◽  
Stimulation Of

The neuromuscular control of the glottis, a muscular sphincter that controls air flow to and from the swim bladder, was investigated using in vitro preparations from bowfin (Amia calva). Stimulation of the ramus intestinalis branch of the vagus nerve caused an increase in isometric tension of the glottal musculature, indicating active closure. The glottis could be actively opened only by direct stimulation of muscle bundles lying lateral to the glottis. In 19 of 24 preparations supramaximal nerve stimulation (20 Hz, 10 V) caused a two-phase increase in muscle tension. Immediately after the onset of stimulation there was a rapid increase in muscle tension. After the end of the train of stimuli, the tension decreased and then again increased briefly followed by a slow return to baseline lasting approximately 60 s. The addition of hyoscine reduced maximum tension of the response by 63 +/- 7% and abolished the second slower element of the response to vagal stimulation. The remaining faster response to nerve stimulation was abolished by tubocurarine. Applied acetylcholine or carbachol mimicked the slow response, causing a slow-onset sustained contraction that was abolished by hyoscine. Hence, the musculature showed physiological characteristics of both skeletal and smooth muscle. Histological examination of the glottis confirmed the physiological results: smooth muscle fibers were found lining the pneumatic duct and lumen of the glottis arranged in a circular fashion around the lateral margins of the glottis. Distinct skeletal muscle bundles were found lateral to the smooth muscle and also arranged in parallel with the glottal lumen, forming a skeletal muscle sphincter.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

A novel in vitro technique to study extrinsic neural control of rabbit colonic muscle and epithelial function

1993 ◽  
Vol 265 (6) ◽  
pp. G1064-G1070 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Goldhill ◽  
W. H. Percy
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Sympathetic Nerve ◽  
Neural Control ◽  
Contractile Activity ◽  
Circular Muscle ◽  
Potential Difference ◽  
Pelvic Nerve ◽  
Sympathetic Nerve Stimulation ◽  
In Vitro Technique

A novel in vitro technique capable of simultaneously measuring distal colonic epithelial potential difference and muscle contraction is described. Under basal conditions, oscillations in both muscle tone and potential difference were observed. Pelvic nerve stimulation was shown to evoke strong "duration" contractile responses in both the longitudinal and circular muscle layers. Additionally, tonic changes in potential difference extending beyond the train of stimuli were observed, suggesting for the first time that colonic ion transport may be influenced by the pelvic nerves. However, it was unclear whether these were direct effects or indirect actions resulting from muscle contractions causing mechanical stimulation of nerves of the submucosal plexus. Lumbar colonic nerve stimulation inhibited spontaneous contractile activity and reduced basal tone in both muscle layers. However, there was no consistent effect of sympathetic nerve stimulation on transepithelial potential difference. Each of the muscle and epithelial effects of sympathetic nerve stimulation was mimicked by exogenous norepinephrine. Based on these data, it is concluded that colonic function is strongly influenced by the extrinsic innervation. Furthermore, relatively long-term modulation of epithelial function can be achieved by short bursts of pelvic nerve activity.

Nervous Control of the Motility of the Alimentary Canal of the Silver Carp

1971 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 469-487
Author(s):  
Y. ITO ◽  
H. KURIYAMA
Keyword(s):  
Alimentary Canal ◽  
Silver Carp ◽  
Circular Muscle ◽  
Field Stimulation ◽  
Blocking Agents ◽  
Muscle Receptors ◽  
Adrenergic Blocking ◽  
Rapid Contraction ◽  
Stimulation Of ◽  
Adrenergic Blocking Agents

1. The electrical and mechanical activities of the alimentary canal of the silver carp, Carassius auratus, were investigated using the strain-gauge tension-recording method and also the double sucrose-gap method. 2. In responses to field stimulation of the alimentary canal four different responses from the stomach and three different responses from the intestine could be evoked. (i) An initial rapid contraction was produced by stimulation of high-frequency or long pulses. The onset of the contraction appeared 0.5 sec after the stimulation. The initial rapid contraction was blocked by tetrodotoxin and D-tubocurarine. This response is thought to be from the striated muscles distributed in the stomach muscle layers. (ii) With or without the initial rapid contraction, field stimulation of low frequency (1-5 c/s) evoked relaxation of the tissue. The latency for the onset of the relaxation was 2 sec. This response was blocked by tetrodotoxin, but α- and β-adrenergic blocking agents had no effect on it. This response is thought to be from thesmooth muscle and to be due to the release of an unknown inhibitory chemical transmitter from the nerve fibres. (iii) The slow phasic contraction appeared with a latency of 8.2 sec, and the amplitude of the contraction was reduced by treatment with atropine and tetrodotoxin but not D-tubocurarine. This response is thought to result from release from the nerve terminals of acetylcholine, which acts on the muscarinic receptors of the smooth muscle. (iv) The delayed contraction appeared with a latency of 11 sec after the onset of field stimulation. The contractions often continued for several minutes. The amplitude and duration of the contraction were reduced or abolished by atropine and tetrodotoxin and were slightly reduced by D-tubocurarine. This response is thought to result from release from the enteric plexus of acetylcholine, which diffuses on to the muscarinic receptors of the muscle. 3. It was difficult to demonstrate a response of the muscle to the excitation of the adrenergic nerve by field stimulation, since α- and β-adrenergic blocking agents had no marked effects on the responses evoked by field stimulation. However, treatment with adrenaline and noradrenaline hyperpolarized the circular muscle membrane and blocked the spike generation. 4. The spontaneous slow potential changes and contractions originated from the myogenic and the neurogenic components. The former was blocked by Mn2+ but not by tetrodotoxin and atropine. The latter was blocked by atropine and tetrodotoxin. 5. Spontaneous hyperpolarizations of the membrane could be recorded. The adrenergic blocking agents had no effect on them. 6. Tetraethyl-ammonium enhanced the tone of the muscle and the amplitude and frequency of the slow depolarizations and contractions recorded from the longitudinal as well as from the circular muscle, in the presence or absence of tetrodotoxin. 7. From the above results it was concluded that there are two kinds of slow depolarization of the muscle, i.e. neurogenic and myogenic. There are three kinds of nerve distributed in the muscle, i.e. excitatory vagal nerve, inhibitory vagal nerve and inhibitory sympathetic nerve. Excitatory nerves innervated two different receptors, i.e. nicotinic striated muscle receptors and muscarinic smooth-muscle receptors.

Histological Study of Osteoid Osteoma's Blood Supply

2007 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 358-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Pierre de Chadarévian ◽  
Christos D. Katsetos ◽  
Judy M. Pascasio ◽  
Evan Geller ◽  
Martin J. Herman
Keyword(s):  
Blood Supply ◽  
Osteoid Osteoma ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Histological Study ◽  
Young Patients ◽  
Vascular Supply ◽  
Bony Tissue ◽  
Local Stimulation ◽  
Stimulation Of

The osteoid osteoma is a painful lesion with a special predilection for the femur and tibia of young patients. Although the lesion has been described as richly innervated, its vascular supply has not been critically appraised to date in the pathology literature. To this end, we have undertaken a morphological study of 16 archival cases of osteoid osteoma, focusing primarily on the patterns of vascularization, utilizing traditional histological and immunohistochemical approaches. The study demonstrated that a prominent arterial and arteriolar blood supply was a constant finding within the various zones of soft tissues, skeletal muscle, and bone surrounding the nidus. It also showed that the caliber of the vessels underwent gradual attenuation throughout their centripetal course toward the nidus, where the vessels lost their muscularis as they merged into the capillary network of the nidus. Immunostaining with antibodies to neurofilament and S100 proteins revealed a pattern of innervation that was overall less exuberant than that described in some reports and that was virtually absent from the nidus. Taken together with data reported in the radiological literature, our findings lead us to wonder whether the osteoid osteoma may represent a response to the local stimulation of bony tissue by a primarily aberrant vasculature, a hypothesis that warrants further elucidation using state-of-the-art imaging approaches.

Early Platelet-Collagen Interactions in Whole Blood and Their Modifications by Aspirin and Dipyridamole Evaluated by a New Method (Basic Wave)

1985 ◽  
Vol 54 (04) ◽  
pp. 799-803 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Luís Pérez-Requejo ◽  
Justo Aznar ◽  
M Teresa Santos ◽  
Juana Vallés
Keyword(s):  
Whole Blood ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Reversible Aggregation ◽  
Inhibitory Compounds ◽  
Rapid Generation ◽  
Stimulation Of ◽  
Collagen Stimulation

SummaryIt is shown that the supernatant of unstirred whole blood at 37° C, stimulated by 1 μg/ml of collagen for 10 sec, produces a rapid generation of pro and antiaggregatory compounds with a final proaggregatory activity which can be detected for more than 60 min on a platelet rich plasma (PRP) by turbidometric aggregometry. A reversible aggregation wave that we have called BASIC wave (for Blood Aggregation Stimulatory and Inhibitory Compounds) is recorded. The collagen stimulation of unstirred PRP produces a similar but smaller BASIC wave. BASIC’s intensity increases if erythrocytes are added to PRP but decreases if white blood cells are added instead. Aspirin abolishes “ex vivo” the ability of whole blood and PRP to generate BASIC waves and dipyridamole “in vitro” significantly reduces BASIC’s intensity in whole blood in every tested sample, but shows little effect in PRP.

DER EINFLUSS VON RESERPIN AUF DIE ANTITHYREOIDALE WIRKUNG VON KALIUMPERCHLORAT

1962 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 423-430
Author(s):  
H. L. Krüskemper ◽  
F. J. Kessler ◽  
E. Steinkrüger
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Normal Male ◽  
Tissue Respiration ◽  
List Type ◽  
Morphological Alterations ◽  
Hormone Synthesis ◽  
Stimulation Of

ABSTRACT 1. Reserpine does not inhibit the tissue respiration of liver in normal male rats (in vitro). 2. The decrease of tissue respiration of the liver with simultaneous morphological stimulation of the thyroid gland after long administration of reserpine is due to a minute inhibition of the hormone synthesis in the thyroid gland. 3. The morphological alterations of the thyroid in experimental hypothyroidism due to perchlorate can not be prevented with reserpine.

EFFECT OF ACTINOMYCIN D ON TSH-INDUCED STIMULATION OF THYROIDAL PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN THE RAT

1974 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustav Wägar
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Actinomycin D ◽  
The Other ◽  
Leucine Incorporation ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Thyroid Glands ◽  
Translational Level ◽  
Stimulation Of

ABSTRACT Whether the short-term regulation of thyroidal protein synthesis by TSH occurs at the transcriptional or the translational level was tested by measuring the effect of actinomycin D (act D) on the TSH-induced stimulation of L-14C-leucine incorporation into the thyroidal proteins of rats. TSH was injected 6 h before the rats were killed. The thyroid glands were then removed and incubated in vitro in the presence of L-14C-leucine for 2 h. The pronounced stimulation of leucine incorporation in the TSH-treated animals was depressed as compared with controls but still significant even when the animals had been pre-treated with 100 μg act D 24 and 7 h before sacrifice. On the other hand, act D strongly decreased incorporation of 3H-uridine into RNA. Short-term regulation of thyroidal protein synthesis by TSH appears to be partly but not wholly dependent on neosynthesis of RNA. Hence regulation may partly occur at the translation level of protein synthesis.

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