CD36 maintains the gastric mucosa and associates with gastric disease

The gastric epithelium is often exposed to injurious elements and failure of appropriate healing predisposes to ulcers, hemorrhage, and ultimately cancer. We examined the gastric function of CD36, a protein linked to disease and homeostasis. We used the tamoxifen model of gastric injury in mice null for Cd36 (Cd36−/−), with Cd36 deletion in parietal cells (PC-Cd36−/−) or in endothelial cells (EC-Cd36−/−). CD36 expresses on corpus ECs, on PC basolateral membranes, and in gastrin and ghrelin cells. Stomachs of Cd36−/− mice have altered gland organization and secretion, more fibronectin, and inflammation. Tissue respiration and mitochondrial efficiency are reduced. Phospholipids increased and triglycerides decreased. Mucosal repair after injury is impaired in Cd36−/− and EC-Cd36−/−, not in PC-Cd36−/− mice, and is due to defect of progenitor differentiation to PCs, not of progenitor proliferation or mature PC dysfunction. Relevance to humans is explored in the Vanderbilt BioVu using PrediXcan that links genetically-determined gene expression to clinical phenotypes, which associates low CD36 mRNA with gastritis, gastric ulcer, and gastro-intestinal hemorrhage. A CD36 variant predicted to disrupt an enhancer site associates (p < 10−17) to death from gastro-intestinal hemorrhage in the UK Biobank. The findings support role of CD36 in gastric tissue repair, and its deletion associated with chronic diseases that can predispose to malignancy.

Role of hydrogen sulfide in the regulation of respiration, blood flow and bile secretory function of the liver

In acute experiments on laboratory rats, intra-portal administration of L-cysteine (20 mg/kg), the precursor of hydrogen sulfide synthesis, stimulated oxygen consumption of liver by 38.6% and reduced oxygen tension by 37.1%. Activation of tissue respiration occurred due to the strengthening of oxygen-dependent synthetic processes in liver, in particular those associated with mitochondrial enzyme-catalysed bile acid biosynthesis through the acidic pathway. The concentrations of taurocholic acid and mixtures of taurodeoxycholic and taurohenodeoxycholic acids increased by 10.3 and 17.9%, respectively, compared to the initial levels. In addition, the level of free cholesterol was decreased by 33.9% and esterification processes were intensified, as indicated by an increase in the concentration of esterified cholesterol by 22.6% in the bile of rats. The latter was to some extent confirmed by a decrease in the level of free bile acids (by 15.8%) involved in the biosynthesis of cholesterol esters and intensification of tissue respiration in the liver. L-cysteine dilated intrahepatic vessels, resulting in a significant decrease of the systemic blood pressure and blood pressure in the portal vein by 17.6 and 24.5%, respectively. L-cysteine increased the rate of local blood flow in the liver and blood supply by 28.2 and 24.4%, respectively. Blockade of cystathionine-γ-lyase by DL-propargylglycine (11 mg/kg) significantly inhibited the L-cysteine-induced tissue respiration and bile acid biosynthesis in the liver. Administration of DL-propargylglycine resulted in constriction of blood vessels of the liver and, as a consequence, to an increased blood pressure and a decreased blood flow rate in tissue. Our data point to an involvement of hydrogen sulfide in the regulation of liver tissue respiration and bile secretory function.

Amelioration of Cadmium-induced Oxidative Damage in Wistar Rats by Vitamin C, Zinc and N-Acetylcysteine

The present study was performed to determine the protective effects of Vitamin C, Zinc and N-Acetylcysteine individually or in combinations with Cd, to monitor amelioration capability against Cd-induced oxidative damage in Wistar rats. Nine groups of rats were studied as experimental group. The present experiment was conducted for 45 days. Liver and kidneys were excised for biochemical determinations through assaying of antioxidant enzymes and lipid oxidation products to assess the impact of Cd-toxicity and its amelioration by co-administration of Vitamin C, Zinc and NAC along with Cd. Basal Metabolic rates, Tissue Respiration rates of liver and kidney were found to be significantly decreased (p < 0.05) during Cd toxicity. Serum biochemical parameters were also found to be significantly altered to cope up with Cd toxicity. All the antioxidant enzymes and products were significantly inhibited (p < 0.05) or elevated in rat liver and kidney tissues during Cd-induced toxicity. Whereas with co-administration of Vitamin C, Zinc and NAC, into rats clearly demonstrates the amelioration of oxidative damage induced by Cd-toxicity. From the results obtained in the present study all the agents tested had protective effects against Cd-induced oxidative damage.

1-Methylcyclopropene Preserves the Quality of Chive (Allium schoenoprasum L.) by Enhancing Its Antioxidant Capacities and Organosulfur Profile during Storage

The quality, antioxidant capacities, and organosulfur profile of chives (Allium schoenoprasum L.) treated with 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) during storage were investigated in this study. The 1-MCP treatment (100 μL/L, fumigation 12 h at 20 °C) effectively inhibited tissue respiration and H2O2 production, enhanced the ascorbic acid (ASA) and glutathione (GSH) content, and promoted the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase SOD, Catalase CAT, and ascorbic peroxidase APX) during the 5-day storage period at 20 °C. The result further showed that the 1-MCP treatment inhibited chlorophyll degradation, alleviated cell membrane damage, and delayed the chive senescence, with the yellowing rate being reduced by 67.8% and 34.5% in the 1-MCP treated chives on days 4 and 5 of storage at 20 °C, respectively. The free amino acid content of the chive was not affected by the 1-MCP treatment at 20 °C. However, the senescence rate of the chive was not reduced by the 1-MCP treatment when stored at 3 °C. The liquid chromatography data further showed that the 1-MCP treatment induced a 15.3% and 13.9% increase in the isoalliin and total S-alk(en)ylcysteine sulfoxides (ACSOs) content of the chive on day 2 at 20 °C, respectively. Furthermore, there was a strong positive correlation between ACSOs content and CAT/APX activity, indicating that ACSOs probably played a key role in enhancing the antioxidant capacities of the chive during storage at 20 °C. Thus the study efficiently demonstrates that 1-methylcyclopropene preserves the quality of chive (Allium schoenoprasum L.) by enhancing its antioxidant capacities and organosulfur profile during storage.

Pathogenic characteristics of intracellular infection in chlamydiosis

This review analyzes scientific data and systematized information regarding microbiological aspects and pathogenesis of chlamydia infection. Chlamydia are obligate intracellular microorganisms that are sensitive to any human cells where energy parasitism is possible: various types of epithelium, fibrocytes, histiocytes, glial and muscle cells, squamous epithelium of the meninges and eyeball, neurons, monocytes, macrophages. Structure, chemical composition and enzymatic activity of Chlamydia closely resemble those in Gram-negative bacteria, as they retain their morphological identity throughout the life cycle, possess cell wall, ribosomes, DNA, RNA, biochemical elements of glycolysis, tissue respiration, peptose production being sensitive to some broad-spectrum antibiotics, and are able to vegetative form division. In recent decades, the pathogenesis and clinical symptoms of chlamydial lesions in the urogenital tract, nervous, cardiovascular, musculoskeletal and bronchopulmonary systems have been actively studied, and new approaches and treatment schemes for chlamydia-infected patients are still developing. Over many decades, Chlamydia infection has been an important and urgent problem, not only due to its high prevalence, but also because of high rate of complications negatively affecting populational health and related demographic parameters. Chlamydia causes multiple diseases resulting in chronization of inflammatory process in all human organs and systems, and affects reproduction of population. Mandatory statistical recording of chlamydiosis cases introduced as early as in 1994 in the Russian Federation does not reflect the actual incidence rate. A rise in number of inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract caused by Chlamydia undoubtedly increases its etiological importance, but data regarding etiopathogenetic role of Chlamydia in ENT pathology are ambiguous and contradictory. Available publications describe a large range of variation in rate of detected Chlamydia due to poor awareness of doctors about the microbiological properties of chlamydia, pathogenetic and clinical features of clinical signs of this infection, and lack of common and clear understanding on the algorithms for identifying and treating chlamydiosis. Since the majority of chlamydia-associated nosological forms are asymptomatic, knowing pathogenetic features of related will allow to prevent the spread of the infection and reduce subsequent socio-economic consequences.

Morphological parameters of geese blood in amidostomy invasion

The vital activity of the body of waterfowl depends on many factors, but primarily on the state of the erythrocytopoiesis system. This is a unique mechanism that occupies a dominant position in ensuring tissue respiration and stability of metabolic processes in the body. Based on research and analysis of publications, it can be argued that changes in erythrocytopoiesis indicate a pathological condition, which in the early stages of helminthiasis occurs without pronounced clinical signs. It is known that the nematode – Amidostomum anseris – hematophagous. The condition of erythrocytopoiesis is most studied in cattle and carnivores. In Ukraine, not enough attention is paid to the study of morphological parameters in geese. Therefore, in order to determine the effect of amidost on the morphological parameters of sick goslings, an experimental group of birds aged 1.5 months, as well as a control group (eight heads in each) was formed. The work was performed in the conditions of individual peasant farms in the village of Decembrists of Myrhorod district of the Poltava region. Morphological parameters were studied according to generally accepted methods. The article summarizes the results of the experiment on the effect of amidostom on the performance of infested goslings of the large gray breed. It was found that parasitism in waterfowl species A. anseris led to changes in the overall analysis of the blood of geese: a decrease in hemoglobin by 8.39, the number of erythrocytes – 13.46 %, a significant increase in the number of leukocytes to 24.44 G/l. At the same time, a morphological study of the shaped elements of the bird's blood with a differential calculation of the leukocyte formula was performed. There was a decrease in the number of segmental neutrophils (22.0 ± 0.57) compared with the control group (26.5 ± 1.45) due to lymphocytes and monocytes, which, in our opinion, is associated with the adaptation of the organism to parasitism of nematodes. The results of morphological studies of the blood of infested goslings indicate significant changes in their body and may indicate activation of the cellular immune system.

POTENTIAL RISKS IN MODERN ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY

Knowledge of the safety profile of antibacterial drugs is important for rational pharmacotherapy with antibiotics. The purpose of this information is to help the doctor, pharmacist and patient to (quickly) "navigate" in the safety of antibiotics to implement one of the basic principles of pharmacotherapy "Do no harm!". The aim of the study. Analysis of possible potential risks in modern antibiotic therapy. Materials and methods. Analysis of data from the scientific literature on the side effects of antibiotics. Results. Most antibiotics have a wide spectrum of antimicrobial action, much less of them have a narrow spectrum of activity, but all of them have side effects (SE). In particular, the neurotoxicity of penicillins and fluoroquinolones is a consequence of their antagonism with GABA. The latter mechanism is also responsible for the neurotoxicity of carbapenens, monobactams and cephalosporins. Cardiotoxicity and hematotoxicity of benzylpenicillins are the result of inhibition of tissue respiration and the process of converting fibrinogen to fibrin, which causes bleeding. The hematotoxicity of carbopenicillins, monobactams and cephalosporins is associated with the inhibition of the conversion of vicasol (vit. K) into its active form, as well as the obstruction of its synthesis due to the suppression of normal intestinal microflora (the main producer of endogenous vit. K). The nephrotoxicity of aminoglycosides and vancomycin is associated with the accumulation of these drugs in the cells of the proximal renal tubules and impaired enzyme activity (Na+-, K+-, ATP; respiratory, etc.), which leads to interstitial nephritis. Ototoxicity of antibiotics is observed when they are used over the age of 60 – a factor that predisposes to ototoxicity. Conclusions. In order to conduct effective antibiotic therapy, it is very important to take into account the side effects that are characteristic of certain groups of antibiotics and each is representatively individual.

Acute toxic gas poisonings in the workplace (lecture)

The lecture presents the main mechanisms of damage to the body, the typical clinical picture and the principles of emergency medical care (EMС) and intensive care in victims of acute poisonings by toxic gases. Due to the fact that the risk of simultaneous appearance of a large number of victims with such poisonings is always high in the conditions of chemical production, the issue of providing EMС to this group of patients is always relevant. The lecture considers the features of damage to the human body with ammonia, chlorine, hydrogen sulfide, arsine, nitrogen oxides, formaldehyde, carbon monoxide and gasoline vapors. All these chemical compounds are widespread chemical reagents and reaction intermediates in production. The inhalation route by which volatile substances enter the body determines the accelerated development of clinical symptoms due to the rapid pass of toxic chemicals into the blood of patients. Disorders in the functioning of the external respiratory system are among the most common ones when inhaling such aggressive chemical compounds as ammonia, chlorine, nitrogen oxides, formaldehyde, gasoline vapors. The intake of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and hydrogen sulfide poses a high risk of hemic hypoxia and related damage to the central nervous system and cardiovascular system. Inhalation of compounds such as hydrogen sulfide, arsine, formaldehyde, carbon monoxide determines the development of disorders of tissue respiration. Almost all chemical compounds, the action of which is presented in the lecture, can have a general toxic effect on patients. The need to immediately stop the contact with the toxic substance, prevention and intensive care of patients with acute respiratory failure syndrome, use of antidotes and drugs with antihypoxic effect, which improve tissue respiration and promote energy production, are highlighted when considering the aspects of providing EMС.

Mismatch between Tissue Partial Oxygen Pressure and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Neuromonitoring of Tissue Respiration in Acute Brain Trauma: The Rationale for Implementing a Multimodal Monitoring Strategy

The brain tissue partial oxygen pressure (PbtO2) and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) neuromonitoring are frequently compared in the management of acute moderate and severe traumatic brain injury patients; however, the relationship between their respective output parameters flows from the complex pathogenesis of tissue respiration after brain trauma. NIRS neuromonitoring overcomes certain limitations related to the heterogeneity of the pathology across the brain that cannot be adequately addressed by local-sample invasive neuromonitoring (e.g., PbtO2 neuromonitoring, microdialysis), and it allows clinicians to assess parameters that cannot otherwise be scanned. The anatomical co-registration of an NIRS signal with axial imaging (e.g., computerized tomography scan) enhances the optical signal, which can be changed by the anatomy of the lesions and the significance of the radiological assessment. These arguments led us to conclude that rather than aiming to substitute PbtO2 with tissue saturation, multiple types of NIRS should be included via multimodal systemic- and neuro-monitoring, whose values then are incorporated into biosignatures linked to patient status and prognosis. Discussion on the abnormalities in tissue respiration due to brain trauma and how they affect the PbtO2 and NIRS neuromonitoring is given.

On the Possibility of Using Ozone in the Treatment of COVID-19

The review highlights the prospects of using ozone therapy in COVID-19, which is currently widely used for the treatment and prevention of various diseases. The therapeutic efficacy of ozone therapy is based on moderate and regulated oxidative stress caused by these reactions with various biological components, as well as on its antiviral and immunomodulatory properties. Ozone has certain biological properties that suggest a possible positive role in the treatment of COVID-19. The mechanisms of action and clinical efficacy of ozone therapy have been proven in other viral infections and have been shown to be very suitable for combating the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The high oxidative potential of ozone provides bactericidal, fungicidal and viricidal effects against the most important types of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, viruses, pathogenic fungi and protozoa. In addition, ozone increases the return of oxygen to insufficiently supplied tissues, promotes the reduction of hemoglobin, improves tissue respiration and normalizes the rheological properties of the blood. The immunomodulatory effect of ozone is based on its ability to activate phagocytosis due to the formation of peroxides and stimulation of cytokine production by lymphocytes and monocytes. Modification of the membranes of the blood cells and the ultrastructural organization of the vasculature together with a decrease in blood viscosity lead to an improvement in microcirculation and gas exchange at the tissue level. Thus, perhaps due to its physical and biological properties, ozone therapy can play a role in the treatment of COVID-19 as a supplement to standard treatment regimens.