Motoneurone Discharges to the Eyecup Muscles of the Crab carcinus

1968 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-267
Author(s):  
M. BURROWS ◽  
G. A. HORRIDGE
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Tonic Activity ◽  
Large Scatter ◽  
Absolute Position ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Slow Muscle Fibres ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right

1. During imposed tilt the eyecup or the crab tends to preserve an absolute position which depends upon the tonic activity of eight of the nine eyecup muscles. The detailed activity of all these muscles during imposed tilt in different planes has been recorded intracellularly. 2. The slow- and fast-motoneurone discharges to the eyecup muscles differ in that the former have intervals which are more variable at lower frequencies but the latter are more variable at higher frequencies. 3. The standard deviation of the interval between impulses is 20-30% of the mean interval for a wide range of frequencies of the tonic motoneurones. This large scatter is tolerable because the slow muscle fibres are sluggish and because the eyecup is also visually stabilized by a system of long time-constant. 4. In roll the two eyecups move in opposite directions relative to the midline of the animal. In pitch the two eyecups move in the same direction relative to the body of the animal, but in neither case is there a correlation between individual impulses to the muscles of the right and left eyecups which are active at the same time. 5. Possible mechanisms of linkage between the two eyecups are discussed.

The Role of Spices with reference Novel Coronavirus Covid 19

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 1655-1661
Author(s):  
Roshna Sukheoji Bhutada ◽  
Kritika Umate
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
The Body ◽  
Common People ◽  
Supplementary Food ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
The Right ◽  
Common Spices ◽  
Physiological Reactions

The need of the day is a brisk lift to the resistant framework to keep it fit, battling today pandemic infections, for example, Covid — 19. One should get the right amount of nutrients from the diet, supplementation regimen to boost the immune system. These spices are always there to make tasty food as well as to protect the body from infectious diseases by building the immunity strong Ayurveda approaches to develop physiological reactions to facilitate immunity. Planning of diet is most important to boost immunity. As per many types of research to provide supplementary food which contains Zinc, Vitamin C, Vitamin D and immunity boosting food such as dealing with plenty of spices for a very long time. These spices include some rare to very common spices which we can found near us. The concern is that these viral infections are very prone to attack weak immunity and take the chance to affect the country to the globe. So the very common spices available will be always helpful to get through this Regular use of a few spices in the very simple form proves its importance as a medicine. In this article a review of spices is done which we are available near us, we are using it in our daily life and we are getting the benefit of these which a common people might not be fully aware of about role of immunity building of the body. 

A Comparison of Theoretical and Experimental Pressure Distributions on Bodies of Revolution

1980 ◽  
Vol 24 (01) ◽  
pp. 60-65
Author(s):  
A. J. Smits ◽  
S. P. Law ◽  
P. N. Joubert
Keyword(s):  
Calculation Method ◽  
The Body ◽  
Viscous Effects ◽  
Bodies Of Revolution ◽  
Pressure Distributions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Right ◽  
Right Order ◽  
Axisymmetric Bodies ◽  
Experimental Pressure

A wide range of experimental pressure distributions along axisymmetric bodies was compared with the results of Landweber's potential flow calculation method. Apart from certain viscous effects, some discrepancies were found, and it is shown that blockage corrections are of the right order to account for these discrepancies. The calculation method was also used to show that the pressure distribution over the nose of the body is largely independent of the tail shape, and vice versa.

scholarly journals Variability of Neutral-Position Casting of the Foot

2003 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivienne Chuter ◽  
Craig Payne ◽  
Kathryn Miller
Keyword(s):  
Frontal Plane ◽  
Single Subject ◽  
Neutral Position ◽  
Foot Orthoses ◽  
Experienced Clinician ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Wide Variability ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right ◽  
Relationship Of

Neutral-position casting of the foot is used for the manufacture of functional foot orthoses, and an accurate cast is widely assumed to be a prerequisite for a good orthotic device. The primary aim of this study was to determine the variability of casting between inexperienced and experienced clinicians and the variability of one experienced clinician taking multiple casts. Ten inexperienced and ten experienced clinicians took a cast of the right foot of a single subject, and a single experienced clinician took ten casts of the same foot. The frontal plane forefoot-to-rearfoot relationship of each cast was determined, and no difference was found in the mean and variances among the three groups. The range of the forefoot-to-rearfoot relationship across all groups was from 10.0° everted to 6.5° inverted, indicating that there is a wide range in neutral-position casting of the foot. As outcome studies have reported the successful outcomes of functional foot orthoses, this wide variability may not necessarily be a problem. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 93(1): 1-5, 2003)

A Study of the Variation of Size within two Species of Aphides

1940 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-56
Author(s):  
G. H. L. Dicker ◽  
S. C. Pearce
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Standard Errors ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Asymmetry ◽  
The Right ◽  
Different Parts

At least 30 specimens of each form of Macrosiphum rubiellum, Theobald, and Aphis idaei, van der Goot, were collected, mounted and their principal organs measured.Correlations were calculated between different parts on the right side and the conclusion reached that the ratios of lengths of organs were unstable characteristics of the species examined. High correlations were obtained between the same part on different sides of the body.The mean values and standard errors are tabulated and a method given for assigning limits of variation within a species. The standard errors obtained were of the order of 7 per cent. of the mean.The asymmetry, kurtosis and skewness of the distributions were calculated to test the effect of possible non-normality on the foregoing work.

scholarly journals Persepsi dan Tahap Pengetahuan Peserta Dan Agen Takaful Terhadap Pelaksanaan Zakat Takaful: Kajian Di Shah Alam, Selangor (Perceptions and Knowledge Levels of Takaful Participants and Agencies towards Implementation of Takaful Zakat: A Study In Shah Alam, Selangor)

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nur Amirah Jaafar ◽  
Hairunnizam Wahid ◽  
Mohd Ali Mohd Noor
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Method ◽  
The Body ◽  
Permanent Disability ◽  
Level Of Knowledge ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right ◽  
High Level ◽  
Push Factor ◽  
Knowledge And Acceptance

When it comes to zakat obligations, people only know certain types of zakat that are obligated to be issued. There are two types of zakat; zakat fitrah and zakat property. However, zakat’s division may vary according to the state's fatwa. In Selangor, Lembaga Zakat Selangor (LZS) is the body that governs the administration and implementation of Zakat. The breakdown of zakat property is Zakat on Income, Zakat on Business, Zakat on Savings, Zakat on Gold and Silver, Zakat on Investments and Shares, Zakat on KWSP, Zakat on Paddy, Zakat on Agriculture, Zakat on Wealth and Treasure, and the Zakat on Takaful. However, this study will only focus on Zakat Takaful. Under Zakat Takaful, there are several divisions which are Zakat Wang Takaful/Takaful Investment, Zakat on Maturity Policy, Takaful Compensation, Tabarruq Fund, Benefit of Total and Permanent Disability, and Compensation of Conventional Insurance Policy. Each of these sections has its calculation method which will be explained further. This study was conducted to identify the level of knowledge and acceptance of Takaful Muslim consumers on the implementation of Zakat Takaful that has been introduced by LZS. Besides, this study will also look at the knowledge of Takaful agents and their willingness to disseminate information of Zakat Takaful to their customers. This study was conducted by using the sampling method and descriptive data analysis. The study found that on average, respondents' knowledge on Zakat Takaful is low with a mean of 2.32. However, the mean for acceptance is 3.93 which is set at a high level thus showed a good acceptance of the survey respondents. Through this study, it can be concluded that knowledge and acceptance are both very important in achieving the objective of implementing Zakat Takaful. Knowledge by Takaful participants who are also assisted by agents who play the role of conveying knowledge of Zakat Takaful is directly perceived to have a more effective effect in addition to the behavior/attitude that forms the intention of Takaful participnts to accept the implementation and to pay Zakah Takaful. This study is also expected to be the push factor among the zakat agents to play a role in disseminating the right information about Zakat Takaful to their customers, which also can be regarded as one of the da'wah forms.

scholarly journals La Concretización de la Justicia Ambiental: Caso del Rio Santiago en los Municipios de El Salto y Juanacatlán

Sincronía ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol XXV (80) ◽  
pp. 675-705
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Leticia Souza Mosqueda ◽  
◽  
Martín Moreno Reynaga ◽  
Angelica Jesús Ceceña Altamirano ◽  
Cynthia Ramírez Ramírez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Research Work ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
The Body ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Del Rio ◽  
The Right ◽  
Bodies Of Water

This research work develops the problem of the application of the legal framework of the right to water for its protection and reparation as well as to the environment, since this is closely related to the first mentioned right, when there is an affectation. For this, we study the case of the Santiago River, one of the most important bodies of water in Mexico and with the longest length.For this reason, when we talk about the Santiago River we will refer to the body of water located in the municipalities of Juanacatlán and Salto del State of Jalisco, which, for a long time, was contaminated by dumping various types of substances, without measures being taken to reduce said activity to date. This is done with the study of the national and international legal framework on the matter, to later develop the circumstances in which they caused the damage to the River, and like these, they encouraged the various authorities to issue resolutions trying to repair the damage. Despite the existence of such determinations, they are not sufficient for the protection of this right, so in the end we propose the creation of an environmental court that is capable of solving these types of problems.

scholarly journals Association of the dominant handgrip strength with the hand dimensions of adult Bangladeshi female laborers

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 230-237
Author(s):  
Mst Taslima Akter ◽  
Nahid Farhana Amin ◽  
Ahsan Arif
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Function ◽  
Handgrip Strength ◽  
Work Force ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
The Body ◽  
Digital Slide ◽  
Daily Work ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right ◽  
Hand Length

The handgrip strength determines the overall physical health and muscle function of the hand. Nowadays in Bangladesh, female laborers are an important source of work force in many industries. Laborers require more handgrip strength to perform their daily work efficiently. Besides, hand is the part of the body that directly related with handgrip strength, so, the hand dimensions are deemed essential to investigate. Therefore this study is to investigate the association of the dominant handgrip strength with the hand dimensions like hand length, hand breadth, hand span, palm length, palm breadth and wrist breadth of adult Bangladeshi female laborers. Hundred (100) adult female laborers aged between 18 to 45 years, residing in different slums in Dhaka city of Bangladesh were the participants of the present research. Six selected hand dimensions of the right side were measured using the digital slide caliper by direct physical procedure and dominant handgrip strength was measured using a digital handgrip dynamometer. The associations of the dominant handgrip strength with the selected six hand dimensions were tested using Pearson’s correlation coefficient test. The mean value of the dominant handgrip strength of the laborers was 25.6 kg. In present research, the dominant handgrip strength was positively associated with the six selected hand dimensions (hand length, hand breadth, hand span, palm length, palm breadth and wrist breadth). However, the association of dominant handgrip strength with the breadth of hand, palm and wrist reached up to significant level individually. Besides, to get desired success in work of a female laborer, it is important to see the hand anthropometry and handgrip strength, because, better handgrip strength lead to better performance in work. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. 2021, 7 (3), 230-237

Mechanical properties of muscle units in the cat diaphragm

1988 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 1055-1066 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Fournier ◽  
G. C. Sieck
Keyword(s):  
Contractile Properties ◽  
Fatigue Properties ◽  
Tetanic Force ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Slow Twitch ◽  
The Right ◽  
Fast Twitch ◽  
Tetanic Tension

1. Muscle units in the right sternocostal region of the cat diaphragm (DIA) were isolated in situ by dissecting filaments of the C5 ventral root. Isometric contractile and fatigue properties of DIA units were then measured. Contractile properties included: twitch contraction time (CT), peak twitch tension (Pt), maximum tetanic tension (P0), and the frequency dependence of tension production. Muscle-unit fatigue resistance was estimated using a 2-min fatigue test. 2. DIA muscle units were classified as fast (F) or slow (S) based on the presence or absence of sag in their unfused tetanic force responses. Muscle-unit fatigue indices (FI) were used to further classify DIA units as slow-twitch fatigue-resistant (S), fast-twitch fatigue-resistant (FR) fast-twitch fatigue-intermediate (FInt), or fast-twitch fatigable (FF) types. 3. Based on a total of 47 completely characterized DIA muscle units, 21% were classified as S, 4% as FR, 28% as FInt, and 47% as FF. In contrast to the distribution of unit types in other mixed appendicular muscles, the DIA was composed of a very low proportion of FR units and a relatively high proportion of FInt units. An interval of FIs between 0.50 and 0.75 separated units into fatigue-resistant and fatigable groups. The distribution of FIs for FF and most FInt units was continuous, indicating that they formed a single fatigable group. Relatively few FF units in the DIA had FIs less than 0.10. 4. A wide range of contractile properties was observed for DIA muscle units. Type S units had longer CTs and lower Pt and P0 values than type F units. The mean Pt and P0 of FF and FInt units were comparable, whereas the mean Pt and P0 of the two FR units were lower. Type S units produced a greater proportion of their P0 at lower frequencies of activation than type F units. The lower P0S produced by type F units in the DIA indicated that they were smaller than similar units in appendicular muscles. It was concluded that in meeting most normal ventilatory requirements, adequate force could be generated by the recruitment of only type S and FR units. The recruitment of the more fatigable FF and FInt units may occur only during more forceful respiratory and nonrespiratory behaviors of the DIA.

Speeds and wingbeat frequencies of migrating birds compared with calculated benchmarks

2001 ◽  
Vol 204 (19) ◽  
pp. 3283-3294 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Pennycuick
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Flight Mechanics ◽  
Optical Methods ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Specific Work ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Migrating Birds ◽  
Power Fraction

SUMMARYSixteen species of birds passing Falsterbo in southwest Sweden during the autumn migration season were observed using short-range optical methods. Air speeds and wingbeat frequencies were measured, reduced to sea level, and compared with benchmark values computed by Flight.bas, a published flight performance program based on flight mechanics. The benchmark for air speed was the calculated sea-level value of the minimum power speed (Vmp). The mean speeds of three raptor species that flew by flap-gliding were below Vmp, apparently because the flap-glide cycle involved slowing down below Vmp when gliding and accelerating back up to Vmp when flapping. The mean speeds of 11 species that flew by continuous flapping were between 0.82Vmp and 1.27Vmp. Two passerine species that flew by bounding had mean speeds of 1.70Vmp and 1.96Vmp, but these high mean speeds reflected their ability to fly faster against head winds. These results do not support predictions from optimal migration theory, which suggest that migrating birds ‘should’ fly faster, relative to Vmp. However, observations were restricted for technical reasons to birds flying below 200 m and may not represent birds that were seriously committed to long-distance migration.The benchmark wingbeat frequency (fref) was derived from dimensional reasoning, not from statistical analysis of observations. Observed wingbeat frequencies ranged from 0.81fref to 1.05fref, except in the two bounding species, whose wingbeat frequencies appeared anomalously high. However, the mechanics of bounding with a power fraction q imply that gravity during the flapping phase is increased by a factor 1/q, and when the value of gravity was so adjusted in the expression for fref, the wingbeat frequencies of the two bounding species were predicted correctly as a function of the power fraction. In small birds with more muscle power than is required to fly at speeds near Vmp, bounding is an effective method of adjusting the specific work in the muscle fibres, allowing conversion efficiency to be maximised over a wide range of speeds.

Forces on the Tail Surface of Swimming Fish: Thrust, Drag and Acceleration in Bluefish (Pomatomus Saltatrix)

1978 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 225-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
ARTHUR B. DUBOIS ◽  
CHRISTOPHER S. OGILVY
Keyword(s):  
Forward Direction ◽  
Lateral Force ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mechanical Power ◽  
Pomatomus Saltatrix ◽  
Propulsive Efficiency ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Time Average ◽  
The Right

1. Pressures on the right and left sides of the tails of swimming bluefish were measured and found to have a range of +5.9 to - 5.9 cm H2O. The pressures were resolved into their forward and lateral vectorial components of force to allow calculation of forward and lateral force and power at speeds ranging from 0.26 to 0.87 m/s. 2. The peak to peak changes in force of acceleration of the body, measured with a forward accelerometer averaged 209 g or 2.05 N at 0.48 m/s, and were compared with the maximum to minimum excursions of forward tail force averaging 201 g or 1.97 N at the same speed. The mean difference was 8 g, s.d. of the mean difference ± 29, s.e. of mean difference ± 10 g. 3. Mean tail thrust was calculated as the time average of tail force in the forward direction. It averaged 65 g, or 0.64 N, at 0.48 m/s. The mean forward power was 0.34 N m/s at 0.48 m/s. The drag of the gauges and wires accounted for 10% of this figure. 4. The mean lateral power of the tail was 1.28 N m/s at a mean speed of 0.48 m/s. 5. The propulsive efficiency of the tail, calculated as the ratio of forward power to forward plus lateral power, was found to be 0.20 s.d. ±0.04, s.e. ±0.01 and was not related to speed. This suggests that 80% of the mechanical power of the tail was wasted. Turbulence in the water may have contributed to this large drag and low tail efficiency.

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