Gas Exchange with Air and Water in an Air-Breathing Catfish, Saccobranchus (≡Heteropneustes) Fossilis

1971 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 667-682
Author(s):  
G. M. HUGHES ◽  
B. N. SINGH
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Tropical Asia ◽  
Saturated Water ◽  
Oxygenated Water ◽  
Hypoxic Water

1. Gas exchange of Saccobranchus fossilis with water and air has been studied under various experimental conditions which were designed to simulate some of the conditions of tropical Asia. 2. In tap water the fish exchanges gases with both water and air. When kept in air-saturated water it can exchange gases with water alone for periods of 6-12 h or even more. In de-oxygenated water, with free access to air, it obtains oxygen from the air and can live for several days under these conditions. 3. In air-saturated water more oxygen is obtained from water (60%) than from air (40%), but in hypoxic water this ratio is reversed. 4. When the fish is submerged in water, free access to air being prevented, the oxygen consumption is reduced, even in air-saturated water. In hypoxic and hypercarbic water oxygen consumption is further reduced. In air-saturated water about 17% of the oxygen enters via the skin and the rest via the gills. When exchanging gases with water alone and subjected to a gradual hypoxia, the fish shows a less dependent respirator. 5. When the fish is removed from the water its oxygen consumption is reduced. A greater reduction occurs when the fish is kept in de-oxygenated water but allowed to breathe air. 6. When the fish is exchanging gases with both water and air very little carbon dioxide is released into the air (RQ = 0·17). The total RQ in fish removed from the water is low, i.e. 0·58. The fish can survive in hypercarbic water only, provided that the content of carbon dioxide does not exceed 14·5 volumes %, when surfacing becomes necessary.

Respiration in an Air-Breathing Fish, the Climbing Perch Anabas Testudineus Bloch

1970 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-280
Author(s):  
G. M. HUGHES ◽  
B. N. SINGH
Keyword(s):  
Free Access ◽  
O2 Consumption ◽  
O2 Uptake ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Anabas Testudineus ◽  
Climbing Perch ◽  
Saturated Water ◽  
Oxygenated Water ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Normal Respiration

1. Respiration of the climbing perch Anabas has been studied under five different experimental conditions. (a) The mean O2 consumption of a fish allowed free access to air, is about 113 c.c./kg/h at 25°C. The fish obtain nearly equal amounts of oxygen through the gills and through the accessory organs. (b) The overall O2 consumption from water of a fish allowed free access to nitrogen is nearly the same as during normal respiration from water with access to air. (c) The O2 consumption is reduced when the fish is out of water and obtains all its oxygen from air. (d) The O2 consumption from air increases considerably when the fish is maintained in de-oxygenated water and depends upon surfacing for its oxygen supply. (e) The O2 consumption of a fish kept in aerated water and prevented from surfacing remains at a minimum level relative to the other four conditions. 2. Much more carbon dioxide is released through the gills than through the accessory organs (10:1) when the fish respires from aerated water with access to air. The accessory organs are much more important for O2 uptake. 3. The respiratory quotient is approximately 1 when the fish is in aerated water, with or without access to air, but is only 0.7 when the fish is out of water. 4. Anabas can live out of water for 6-10 h if protected from dehydration. It continues to breathe quietly in air-saturated water using its gills alone for shorter periods (6-8 h) when denied free access to air.

THE IRRIGATION OF THE GILLS IN FISHES: II. EFFICIENCY OF OXYGEN UPTAKE IN RELATION TO RESPIRATORY FLOW ACTIVITY AND CONCENTRATIONS OF OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 817-862 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard L. Saunders
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Gill Filament ◽  
Saturated Water ◽  
Respiratory Flow ◽  
Ambient Oxygen ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Flow Activity ◽  
Ambient Levels

Respiratory volumes, percentage utilizations of oxygen, and rates of oxygen consumption were measured in non-swimming and swimming white suckers, brown bullheads, and carp under various ambient levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Up to 85% of the oxygen in the inspired water is removed by quietly breathing fish. Generally, high respiratory volumes are associated with low percentage utilizations of oxygen and vice versa. At high respiratory volumes carp remove about twice as much oxygen from the inspired water as do suckers and bullheads. Respiratory volumes are increased by as much as 30 times over the volume for quiet respiration by low levels of oxygen or high levels of carbon dioxide. Respiratory volumes of swimming fish are greater than those of non-swimming, rested fish in air-saturated water but they are not as high as those of non-swimming fish exposed to low ambient oxygen levels.The effects of moderate increases in ambient carbon dioxide on non-swimming fish may be temporary only. If the rise in the pCO2 is slight to moderate, the percentage utilizations of oxygen at given respiratory volumes are at first depressed but may return, after 3 to 5 hours, to the levels they held before the pCO2 was raised. Actively swimming fish respond to any increase in the pCO2 by permanently increased breathing rates and decreased percentage utilizations of oxygen and rates of oxygen consumption.The number of respiratory units or lamellae per millimeter of gill filament in suckers, bullheads, and carp weighing 200 g are about 14, 10, and 20 respectively, but the total numbers and areas of lamellae are such that total gill areas are nearly identical among these three species.

scholarly journals Functional conflicts between feeding and gas exchange in suspension-feeding tadpoles, Xenopus laevis

1984 ◽  
Vol 110 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Feder ◽  
D. B. Seale ◽  
M. E. Boraas ◽  
R. J. Wassersug ◽  
A. G. Gibbs
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Xenopus Laevis ◽  
Suspension Feeding ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Aerial Respiration ◽  
Metabolic Requirement ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Food Particles ◽  
Hypoxic Water

Air-breathing tadpoles of Xenopus laevis (Amphibia: Anura) use buccopharyngeal surfaces for both gas exchange and capture of food particles in the water. In dense food suspensions, tadpoles decrease ventilation of the buccopharynx and increase air breathing. The lung ventilatory frequency is elevated even though the rate of oxygen consumption is at or below resting levels, suggesting that the lung hyperventilation reflects compensation for decreased buccopharyngeal respiration rather than an increased metabolic requirement. If tadpoles in hypoxic water are prevented from breathing air, they increase buccopharyngeal respiration at the expense of feeding. Aerial respiration evidently permits the buccopharyngeal surfaces to be used primarily for food entrapment.

Quantitative methanol-burning lung model for validating gas-exchange measurements over wide ranges of F I O 2

1998 ◽  
Vol 84 (6) ◽  
pp. 2177-2182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saul Miodownik ◽  
Jose Melendez ◽  
Vittoria Arslan Carlon ◽  
Brian Burda
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Combustion Rate ◽  
Respiratory Quotient ◽  
Infusion Rate ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Production ◽  
Lung Model ◽  
Burner Device ◽  
Extended Range

The methanol-burning lung model has been used as a technique for generating a predictable ratio of carbon dioxide production (V˙co 2) to oxygen consumption (V˙o 2) or respiratory quotient (RQ). Although an accurate RQ can be generated, quantitatively predictable and adjustableV˙o 2 andV˙co 2 cannot be generated. We describe a new burner device in which the combustion rate of methanol is always equal to the infusion rate of fuel over an extended range of O2 concentrations. This permits the assembly of a methanol-burning lung model that is usable with O2 concentrations up to 100% and provides continuously adjustable and quantitativeV˙o 2 (69–1,525 ml/min) and V˙co 2 (46–1,016 ml/min) at a RQ of 0.667.

The respiratory significance of the crown in the polychaete worms Sabella and Myxicola

1952 ◽  
Vol 140 (898) ◽  
pp. 70-82 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Cylindrical Tube ◽  
Glass Tube ◽  
The Body ◽  
Water Current ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Total Oxygen ◽  
Crown Structure ◽  
Glass Tubes ◽  
Oxygenated Water

Sabella pavonina Savigny lives in a narrow cylindrical tube which it irrigates by means of piston-swellings travelling tailwards along the body. Decapitated worms can live and regenerate new heads in glass tubes open at both ends, which they irrigate in the same way as complete worms. If tubeless worms are bisected at the junction of thorax and abdomen, the total oxygen consumption is unaffected by the operation. These results suggest that the crown surface is of no importance in the respiratory supply of the hinder part of the body as long as the surface of the latter has free access to oxygenated water. If, however, worms are put in tubes whose lower ends are closed so that through irrigation is impossible, crowned worms can live but crownless worms soon die or leave the tubes. This shows that the crown can supply the hinder parts when irrigation is prevented. Myxicola infundibulum Rénier lives in a gelatinous tube. There is no irrigation current, either through the tube or in and out at the head end. Put in a glass tube, the worm fills most of the lumen, and plugs the hinder end, with jelly. The worm can live for many weeks in a tube sealed at the lower end. The respiratory exchanges of the whole worm therefore appear to take place through the anterior end, and especially the crown. Bisection of tubeless worms at the junction of thorax and abdomen results in a decrease of the total oxygen consumption to about two-thirds of its previous value; this is attributed to the separation of the abdomen from its usual respiratory surface. Owing to structural differences, the velocity of the water current through the crown is considerably greater in Myxicola infundibulum than in Sabella pavonina . The frequency of pulsation of the crown vessels is, however, about the same, and the differences in crown structure are probably food-collecting rather than respiratory specializations. The ability to survive and regenerate after injury to the anterior end is very much less in Myxicola infundibulum than in Sabella pavonina . This fact is discussed in relation to the respiratory and other differences between the worms.

scholarly journals The Relative Efficiency of Gaseous Exchange Across the Lungs and Gills of an African Lungfish Protopterus Aethiopicus

1970 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
B. R. McMAHON
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Direct Measurement ◽  
Relative Efficiency ◽  
Lung Ventilation ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Production ◽  
Gaseous Exchange ◽  
Terrestrial Vertebrates ◽  
African Lungfish

1. The efficiency of gas exchange over the lung and gill surfaces of Protopterus has been investigated. 2. Animals confined in water or in air showed an increased respiratory frequency in the remaining medium, indicating that both routes were important in the total gas exchange. 3. Direct measurement of the oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions of pulmonary air and inspired and expired branchial water showed gas exchange ratios (R) of 0.2 for the lung and 5.0 for the gills approximately, demonstrating that more oxygen was consumed via the lungs and more carbon dioxide excreted via the gills. 4. Oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production were measured directly in a respirometer in which respiratory air and water streams could be kept separate except during lung ventilation. At least 90% of the animals' oxygen consumption occurred in the lung, while 60 % of the carbon dioxide excreted passed via the aquatic route. 5. The results are discussed with reference to the animals' adaptation to its environment and with reference to the evolution of the terrestrial vertebrates.

scholarly journals The influence of temperature on the metabolic regulation and gas exchange of the Highveld scorpion, Opistophthalmus latimanus ( Koch ) ( Scorpionidae )

2012 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Willie J. Van Aardt ◽  
Japie Mienie ◽  
J.M. Le Roux
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Oxygen Consumption Rate ◽  
Metabolic Regulation ◽  
Consumption Rate ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Production ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
Influence Of Temperature On ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Production Rate

Adult scorpions (2.4g – 4.5 kg) were collected near Potchefstroom (26° .55’10” – 27° 10” 5”). Oxygen consumption rate (MO2) and carbon dioxide production rate (MCO2) were measured together with the metabolism of injected radioactive glucose.

Respiration of an Air-Breathing Catfish Clarias Batrachus (Linn.)

1971 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 421-434
Author(s):  
B. N. SINGH ◽  
G. M. HUGHES
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Air ◽  
Clarias Batrachus ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Closed Chamber ◽  
Anabas Testudineus ◽  
Exposed Fish ◽  
Saturated Water ◽  
Oxygenated Water ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Co2 Release

1. The respiratory behaviour and the rate of O2 consumption and CO2 elimination has been studied in Clarias batrachus under different environmental conditions which were also designed to test its suitability for life in water and on land. 2. The mean V O2 from water and air is about 93 cc/kg/h. It consumes more O2 from air (58.4%) than from water (41.6%). The rate of CO2 release through the airbreathing organs is very low (RQ = 0.11), much more CO2 is released through the gills and skin in water. 3. When the fish is submerged under air-saturated water and prevented from surfacing V O2 is low (about 65 cc/kg/h). However, the fish does not struggle to breath air over a period of 6-8 h in aerated water. It exchanges about 17 % of O2 through the skin and the rest through the gills in aerated water. 4. If the fish is maintained in still water in a closed chamber V O2 is about 61 cc/kg/h. It starts to search for air once the O2 tension in water is reduced below 100 mmHg and this searching becomes vigorous below 60 mmHg (WPO2). 5. When exposed to air VCOCO2 is about 71 cc/kg/h; V O2 air-exposed fish is about 37 cc/kg/h; hence RQ in air is only 0.52. It shows independent respiration in air although POO2 in ambient air was reduced to about 80 mmHg and PCOCO2 rose to about 51 mmHg. 6. When the fish is kept in deoxygenated water but allowed free access to air, VOO2 is low, but RQ air is not reduced (0.51) from that of air-exposed fish. It shows dependent respiration under these conditions when aerial POO2 is reduced below 80 mmHg and PCOCO2 raised above 50 mmHg. 7. Clarias batrachus can live in deoxygenated water for several days if allowed free access to air, and appears to be more suited for life in poorly oxygenated water than Saccobranchus fossilis or Anabas testudineus.

Alterations in ventilation and gas exchange during exercise-induced carbohydrate depletion

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 615-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Green ◽  
M. Houston ◽  
J. Thomson ◽  
P. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Respiratory Exchange Ratio ◽  
Treadmill Exercise ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Production ◽  
Progressive Reduction ◽  
Energy Substrate ◽  
Carbohydrate Depletion ◽  
Exercise Induced

The relationships between ventilation [Formula: see text], oxygen consumption [Formula: see text], and carbon dioxide production [Formula: see text] during work were studied in four trained males during exercise-induced carbohydrate depletion. Repeated bouts of heavy treadmill exercise (6 min at 95% [Formula: see text]max) were performed once per hour for 24 h in order to promote a shift in energy substrate from carbohydrate to fat. Measurements of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] recorded during each minute indicated that [Formula: see text] was unaffected by the number of runs, whereas [Formula: see text] showed a progressive reduction which amounted to 24% during the final run. A corresponding decline of 19% was observed in the respiratory exchange ratio. No significant change in [Formula: see text] occurred between any of the runs. It is concluded that during heavy, repeated, muscular exercise, reductions in [Formula: see text], strongly suggestive of an increased fat oxidation, are not accompanied by a corresponding change in ventilation.

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