scholarly journals Place, Peers, and the Teenage Years: Long-Run Neighborhood Effects in Australia

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 220-249
Author(s):  
Nathan Deutscher
Keyword(s):  
Social Mobility ◽  
Neighborhood Effects ◽  
Peer Effects ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Australian Child ◽  
Suggestive Evidence ◽  
Long Run

I use variation in the age at which children move to show that where an Australian child grows up has a causal effect on their adult income, education, marriage, and fertility. In doing so, I replicate the findings of Chetty and Hendren (2018a) in a country with less inequality, more social mobility, and different institutions. Across all outcomes, place typically matters most during the teenage years. Finally, I provide suggestive evidence of peer effects using cross-cohort variation in the peers of permanent postcode residents: those born into a richer cohort for their postcode tend to end up with higher incomes themselves. (JEL D63, J13, J62, R23, Z13)

scholarly journals Implications of Governance, Natural Resources, and Security Threats on Economic Development: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 6236
Author(s):  
Husam Rjoub ◽  
Chuka Uzoma Ifediora ◽  
Jamiu Adetola Odugbesan ◽  
Benneth Chiemelie Iloka ◽  
João Xavier Rita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Security Threats ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Sub Saharan

Sub-Saharan African countries are known to be bedeviled with some challenges hindering the economic development. Meanwhile, some of these issues have not been exhaustively investigated in the context of the region. Thus, this study aimed at investigating the implications of government effectiveness, availability of natural resources, and security threats on the regions’ economic development. Yearly data, spanning from 2007 to 2020, was converted from low frequency (yearly) to high frequency (quarterly) and utilized. Data analysis was conducted using Dynamic heterogeneous panel level estimators (PMG and CS-ARDL). Findings show that while PMG estimator confirms a long-run causal effect of governance, natural resources, and security threats on economic development, only natural resources show a short-run causal effect with economic development, while the CS-ARDL (model 2) confirms the significance of all the variables both in the long and short-run. Moreover, the ECT coefficients for both models were found to be statistically significant at less than 1% significance level, which indicates that the systems return back to equilibrium in case of a shock that causes disequilibrium, and in addition, reveals a stable long-run cointegration among the variables in the model. Finally, this study suggests that the policy makers in SSA countries should place more emphasis on improving governance, managing security challenges, and effectively utilizing rents from the natural resources, as all these have severe implications for the economic development of the region if not addressed.

scholarly journals Analysing Challenges to Smart Waste Management for a Sustainable Circular Economy in Developing countries: A fuzzy DEMATEL study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Honey Yadav ◽  
Umang Soni ◽  
Girish Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Dynamic Scheduling ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Laboratory Method ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Fuzzy Dematel ◽  
Regulatory Policies ◽  
Long Run

Abstract To improve the quality of life and achieve sustainability Internet of Things (IoT) plays a significant role. Waste can be converted to high value asset if treated properly with smart solutions. This study aims to develop an exploratory framework in the adoption of smart waste management in developing economies such as India analysing the various deferring parameters. To accomplish this aim the present study consists of two phases: In the first phase barriers in the adoption of IoT for smart waste management were identified after an extensive literature review and discussion with selected experts in this field. In the second phase the quantitative analysis using Fuzzy DEMATEL (Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory) method was performed on the selected barriers. The fuzzy DEMATEL methodology helps in prioritizing the most significant barrier by separating them into cause-effect group. The data were analysed on comparative basis based on two different perception to provide more detailed insight on the problems faced while smart waste management implementation. The results discloses that “Lack of government strict regulatory policies”, “Lack of proper Financial planning” and “Lack of benchmarking processes” are among the most critical causal barriers towards IoT based smart waste management that are hindering the vision of efficient waste management system. Further “Difficulty in implementing innovative technologies” and “Absence of Dynamic Scheduling and Routing” fall under significant potential causal effect category. The most prominent effect barriers are “Lack of awareness among community”, “Lack of source segregation and recycling commitment” and “Lack of service provider’s” which was concluded in results considering the comparison parameters from different perspective. The study also suggest that the effect barriers can be overcome automatically with mitigating the causal barriers in the long run. The comparative details of the study will further help the policy makers, stakeholders and government experts to frame policies and interventions to eradicate the identified barriers towards an efficient and innovative system for waste handling.

scholarly journals CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, and Economic Growth: New Evidence in the ASEAN Countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vo ◽  
Vo ◽  
Le
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Granger Causality ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Renewable Energy Consumption ◽  
Long Run

The members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) have made several attempts to adopt renewable energy targets given the economic, energy-related, environmental challenges faced by the governments, policy makers, and stakeholders. However, previous studies have focused limited attention on the role of renewable energy when testing the dynamic link between CO2 emissions, energy consumption and renewable energy consumption. As such, this study is conducted to test a common hypothesis regarding a long-run environmental Kuznets curve (EKC). The paper also investigates the causal link between carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, energy consumption, renewable energy, population growth, and economic growth for countries in the region. Using various time-series econometrics approaches, our analysis covers five ASEAN members (including Indonesia, Myanmar, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand) for the 1971–2014 period where required data are available. Our results reveal no long-run relationship among the variables of interest in the Philippines and Thailand, but a relationship does exist in Indonesia, Myanmar, and Malaysia. The EKC hypothesis is observed in Myanmar but not in Indonesia and Malaysia. Also, Granger causality among these important variables varies considerably across the selected countries. No Granger causality among carbon emissions, energy consumption, and renewable energy consumption is reported in Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand. Indonesia experiences a unidirectional causal effect from economic growth to renewable energy consumption in both short and long run and from economic growth to CO2 emissions and energy consumption. Interestingly, only Myanmar has a unidirectional effect from GDP growth, energy consumption, and population to the adoption of renewable energy. Policy implications have emerged based on the findings achieved from this study for each country in the ASEAN region.

A Sibling-Pair Analysis for Causal Effect of Education on Health

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Bai ◽  
Yanjun Li
Keyword(s):  
Family Background ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Lower Probability ◽  
Education And Health ◽  
Variable Approach ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Family ◽  
Reported Health ◽  
Pair Analysis ◽  
Instrumental Variable Approach

Abstract This paper examines the causal effect of education on long-run physical health, using survey data on matched siblings. By adopting a sibling-differences strategy, we are able to obtain estimates that are not biased by unobserved genetic factors and family background which affect both education and health. To address the potential endogenous shocks that affect siblings differently within the family, we further employ an instrumental variable approach by exploiting a profound disturbance in the education system during the Cultural Revolution in China. The within-sibling estimates suggest that an additional year of schooling is found to be positively related to health status later in life (better self-reported health, lower probability of feeling uncomfortable, getting chronic diseases, and being underweight). We also unravel the potential roles of income and cognition in the effects of education on health.

The Media Politics of Social Protest

1997 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Víctor Sampedro
Keyword(s):  
Causal Effect ◽  
Social Protest ◽  
Political Agenda ◽  
Agenda Building ◽  
Political Class ◽  
Opportunity Structures ◽  
Media Agenda ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Media ◽  
Media Politics

The relationship between political agenda building and media agenda building is examined with reference to mobilization of the Spanish antimilitary movement between 1976-1993. Three models of media-state relations are discussed in terms of possible media outcomes of social protest. These models are used to examine political and media agenda building in relation to movement challenges. An analysis of the coverage of the antimilitary movement by three national dailies demonstrates that political opportunity structures shape media opportunity structures. There are, however, small windows of opportunity when the causal effect works in the other direction. Media structures can help a movement open, reset, and sometimes block official policies. Media opportunities, however, do not remain favorable in the long run because government elites can bureaucratize and trivialize movement challenges, thereby reducing their newsworthiness. Institutionalized media abide by journalistic rules that tend to validate the political class and, in the long run, dilute social protest.

North and south: long-run social mobility in England and attitudes toward welfare

Cliometrica ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Boberg-Fazlić ◽  
Paul Sharp
Keyword(s):  
Social Mobility ◽  
Long Run ◽  
North And South

Democracy and Economic Growth: A Historical Perspective

2005 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Gerring ◽  
Philip Bond ◽  
William T. Barndt ◽  
Carola Moreno
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Social Capital ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Physical Capital ◽  
Capital Social ◽  
Causal Pathways ◽  
Subsequent Period ◽  
Long Run

Recent studies appear to show that democracy has no robust association with economic growth. Yet all such work assumes that the causal effect of democracy can be measured by a country's regime status in a particular year (T), which is correlated with its growth performance in a subsequent period (T+l). The authors argue that democracy must be understood as astock,rather than alevel,measure. That is, a country's growth performance is affected by the number of years it has been democratic, in addition to the degree of democracy experienced during that period. In this fashion, democracy is reconceptualized as a historical, rather than a contemporary, variable—with the assumption that long-run historical patterns may help scholars to understand present trends. The authors speculate that these secular-historical influences operate through four causal pathways, each of which may be understood as a type of capital: physical capital, human capital, social capital, and political capital. This argument is tested in a crosscountry analysis and is shown to be robust in a wide variety of specifications and formats.

The Evolution of Brand Preferences: Evidence from Consumer Migration

2012 ◽  
Vol 102 (6) ◽  
pp. 2472-2508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bart J Bronnenberg ◽  
Jean-Pierre H Dubé ◽  
Matthew Gentzkow
Keyword(s):  
Life Histories ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Packaged Goods ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Market Shares ◽  
Consumer Packaged Goods ◽  
Large Entry ◽  
Past Experiences ◽  
Supply Side Factors ◽  
Brand Preferences

We study the long-run evolution of brand preferences, using new data on consumers' life histories and purchases of consumer packaged goods. Variation in where consumers have lived in the past allows us to isolate the causal effect of past experiences on current purchases, holding constant contemporaneous supply-side factors. We show that brand preferences form endogenously, are highly persistent, and explain 40 percent of geographic variation in market shares. Counterfactuals suggest that brand preferences create large entry barriers and durable advantages for incumbent firms and can explain the persistence of early-mover advantage over long periods. (JEL D12, L11, M31, M37)

scholarly journals Remittance in Niger: effects on economic growth and on migrants’ left behind

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-69
Author(s):  
Issoufou Oumarou
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Living Condition ◽  
Education Expenditure ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Fixed Capital Formation ◽  
Short Run ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The City

Abstract Remittances have long been an important source of revenue for many people in the Republic of Niger. In order to fight poverty, young people choose to migrate. In 2019, a total of 293 million U.S. dollars was sent by migrants to their relatives in Niger; that is 3% of Niger Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The objective of this study is to analyze the effects of remittances on economic growth in Niger and the significance of its contribution in improving the living condition of migrants’ left behind families. The study applies a three-step econometric procedure followed by a survey on the usage of the remittances in the city of Tahoua (Republic of Niger). The study also performed some tests on the residuals for the accuracy of the prediction of the model. The empirical results showed no long run relationship between remittances, economic growth and gross fixed capital formation in Niger. However, in the short-run, the study revealed the existence of causal effect between remittances and economic growth. On the other hand, the results of the conducted survey in the city of Tahoua showed that 45.7% of the received remittance is used in food expenditure, 19.3% in education expenditure, 10.36% in health expenditure and 5.4% is allocated to house rent. The survey also revealed the importance of the remittances for the left behind. It indicates that 14% of the respondent left behind wish to see another family member engage in migration.

scholarly journals Geography, Climate, and Genes in Development Studies

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S46-S51
Author(s):  
Robert Klitgaard ◽  
Johannes W Fedderke ◽  
Valerio Napolioni
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Satisfaction With Life ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Interleukin 10 ◽  
Deep Roots ◽  
Cultural Adaptations ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Development Outcomes ◽  
First Time

Abstract Over the coming decade, much more genetic data will enter into the study of economic development. This paper provides an example and emphasizes the uses and misuses of such information. It has assembled for the first time national frequencies of the ACP1 genetic polymorphism and the Interleukin-6 (IL6-174G) and Interleukin-10 (IL10-1082G) cytokines. These three respond over the centuries to ultraviolet radiation and infectious diseases. The study also looks at a national measure of heterozygotic diversity. In particular, it finds that ACP1 frequencies are significantly related to national outcomes ranging from GDP per capita to type and quality of governance, to measures of national “competitiveness,” to health, to fertility, to measures of satisfaction with life. These associations do not seem explainable by reverse causation nor by the influence of some of the usual variables in studies of long-run development. Nonetheless, these results do not mean that a few genes have a direct causal effect on world development. The ACP1*B variable is surely picking up the influences of many genetic and cultural adaptations over evolutionary time in response to ultraviolet exposure and pathogen burdens. This study's findings thus support other research indicating the importance of disease environments in shaping both genetic and sociocultural adaptations that have influence on development outcomes today. The paper concludes with a discussion of what such strong associations mean and do not mean, in hopes of guiding future studies of genes and other deep roots of economic development.

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