scholarly journals Geography, Climate, and Genes in Development Studies

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S46-S51
Author(s):  
Robert Klitgaard ◽  
Johannes W Fedderke ◽  
Valerio Napolioni
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Satisfaction With Life ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Interleukin 10 ◽  
Deep Roots ◽  
Cultural Adaptations ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Development Outcomes ◽  
First Time

Abstract Over the coming decade, much more genetic data will enter into the study of economic development. This paper provides an example and emphasizes the uses and misuses of such information. It has assembled for the first time national frequencies of the ACP1 genetic polymorphism and the Interleukin-6 (IL6-174G) and Interleukin-10 (IL10-1082G) cytokines. These three respond over the centuries to ultraviolet radiation and infectious diseases. The study also looks at a national measure of heterozygotic diversity. In particular, it finds that ACP1 frequencies are significantly related to national outcomes ranging from GDP per capita to type and quality of governance, to measures of national “competitiveness,” to health, to fertility, to measures of satisfaction with life. These associations do not seem explainable by reverse causation nor by the influence of some of the usual variables in studies of long-run development. Nonetheless, these results do not mean that a few genes have a direct causal effect on world development. The ACP1*B variable is surely picking up the influences of many genetic and cultural adaptations over evolutionary time in response to ultraviolet exposure and pathogen burdens. This study's findings thus support other research indicating the importance of disease environments in shaping both genetic and sociocultural adaptations that have influence on development outcomes today. The paper concludes with a discussion of what such strong associations mean and do not mean, in hopes of guiding future studies of genes and other deep roots of economic development.

scholarly journals Implications of Governance, Natural Resources, and Security Threats on Economic Development: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 6236
Author(s):  
Husam Rjoub ◽  
Chuka Uzoma Ifediora ◽  
Jamiu Adetola Odugbesan ◽  
Benneth Chiemelie Iloka ◽  
João Xavier Rita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Security Threats ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Sub Saharan

Sub-Saharan African countries are known to be bedeviled with some challenges hindering the economic development. Meanwhile, some of these issues have not been exhaustively investigated in the context of the region. Thus, this study aimed at investigating the implications of government effectiveness, availability of natural resources, and security threats on the regions’ economic development. Yearly data, spanning from 2007 to 2020, was converted from low frequency (yearly) to high frequency (quarterly) and utilized. Data analysis was conducted using Dynamic heterogeneous panel level estimators (PMG and CS-ARDL). Findings show that while PMG estimator confirms a long-run causal effect of governance, natural resources, and security threats on economic development, only natural resources show a short-run causal effect with economic development, while the CS-ARDL (model 2) confirms the significance of all the variables both in the long and short-run. Moreover, the ECT coefficients for both models were found to be statistically significant at less than 1% significance level, which indicates that the systems return back to equilibrium in case of a shock that causes disequilibrium, and in addition, reveals a stable long-run cointegration among the variables in the model. Finally, this study suggests that the policy makers in SSA countries should place more emphasis on improving governance, managing security challenges, and effectively utilizing rents from the natural resources, as all these have severe implications for the economic development of the region if not addressed.

Cultural Tourism and Economic Development

2019 ◽  
pp. 13-44
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Development Strategy ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Cultural Tourism ◽  
Travel And Tourism ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Tourism Attractions ◽  
Key Aspects

There are many links between cultural tourism and economic development. Governments from entire nations down to cities and counties have made tourism a focal point in their economic development efforts. This chapter discusses 18 types of cultural tourism attractions ranging from architecture to gastronomy to sex. Each of the types of cultural tourism are assessed in terms of the level of interaction between a tourist and an attraction. Travel and tourism's contribution to gross domestic product (GDP) has outpaced overall GDP in 62% of the 185 countries studied by the World Travel and Tourism Council in 2017. Tourism's contribution to GDP exceeds 10% for several countries with Iceland topping the list at 20.1%. Sustainability is a key to the success of any long-term development strategy, and this is certainly the case with cultural tourism. The tradeoff communities face is maximizing short term returns versus managing development (tourism) to maintain the quality of the resource for the long run. Over-tourism results when an attraction or a community experiences numbers of tourists beyond the carrying capacity of the attraction. While the marketplace is better suited for managing much of tourism and its impacts, government is uniquely suited to manage some key aspects of tourism. Government is better able than business to manage for the long term. Additionally, governments can weigh costs and benefits to different groups (e.g., residents versus tourists). Two case studies are presented to highlight these issues.

scholarly journals The Effect of Institutional Quality on the Balance of Payments in African Countries. A Comparative Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Ashraf Helmy
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Balance Of Payments ◽  
Institutional Framework ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Distributed Lag ◽  
Autoregressive Distributed Lag ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Level Of Economic Development ◽  
International Transactions

This study tries to examine the effect of the quality of the institutional framework on the accounts of the balance of payments in a sample of African countries (28 countries) and a sample of countries occupying advanced positions in international economics (15 countries) to determine different indicators of the institutional framework that affect the balances of the current and financial accounts of the balance of payments in the two sample countries through the period 2002-2019. The study applied the panel autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model, Akaike info criterion (AIC), to determine the short- and long-run relationships. The empirical findings illustrate that the institutional indicators that support the current accounts of the balance of payments, in the long run, are not the same that support the financial accounts of the balance of payments of African countries. In addition, the effect of institutional indicators on international transactions is related to the level of economic development, where the effect of institutional indicators on countries with relatively low levels of economic development is more powerful than their effects on countries with advanced levels of development. Thus, the low quality of the institutional framework is considered an important impediment to the development of international transactions in African countries.

Neither Older nor Wiser? What Continual Party Change Means for the Quality of Democracy

2020 ◽  
pp. 237-258
Author(s):  
Tim Haughton ◽  
Kevin Deegan-Krause
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Technological Progress ◽  
Party Change ◽  
Quality Of Democracy ◽  
Public Office ◽  
New Parties ◽  
Time Horizons ◽  
Long Run

New party emergence poses major questions for the quality of democracy. New parties can help remove incompetent and corrupt politicians from power, re-engage citizens, represent neglected interests and issues, respond to changes in society, and provoke established parties to perform better. But new party emergence can also bring into public office inexperienced individuals offering easy and unworkable solutions to society’s woes. When they fail to deliver, they can further undermine trust in democracy, and fuel cynicism and disillusionment in politics more broadly. New parties may be responsive, but they are less likely to be responsible. Moreover, new parties tend to focus on the present, with a series of shorter-term goals. With their longer-term time horizons, well-developed and institutionalized parties are much more likely to help foster environments conducive to the innovation and technological progress integral to long-run economic development.

scholarly journals The Determinants of Total Factor Productivity in Polish Subregions. Panel Data Analysis

2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 17-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Dańska-Borsiak ◽  
Iwona Laskowska
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Panel Data Analysis ◽  
Factor Productivity ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Tfp Growth ◽  
Long Run

The significant role of TFP in stimulating the long-run economic development induces researchers to seek for the sources of the TFP growth. The mail goals of the paper are: to estimate the level of TFP in the years 2003-2009 at the level of subregions, and to define the factors which determine this estimated TFP level. The first hypothesis being verified is, that the role of the quality of human capital in stimulating long-run economic growthis crucial and can be measured by the model. The second hypothesis is, that there are some factors affecting the TFP level which are common in all subregions.

scholarly journals Quality of Economic Growth as a Prerequisite for Improving the Efficiency of Management of Socio-Economic Development in Russia

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 83-96
Author(s):  
L. A. Strizhkova ◽  
G. O. Kuranov
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Practical Purpose ◽  
Inclusive Development ◽  
Controversial Issues ◽  
Russian Economy ◽  
Endogenous Growth Model ◽  
Development Outcomes ◽  
Methodological Aspects

The article is devoted to the development of indicators of the quality of economic growth. The authors associate the primary practical purpose of the system of indicators of the quality of economic growth with improving information and scientific and methodological support for the process of developing and implementing decisions of the state’s economic policy. We considered methodological aspects of compiling a system of indicators of the quality of economic growth, described problems in this area, and proposed approaches to their solution. Further, we gave estimates of factors that determine the dynamics of economic growth. We have provided a special place to the discussion of controversial issues in the field of assessing the quality of economic growth, including the problem of reconciling the idea of inclusive development and endogenous growth model of the Russian economy. It also includes approaches to the innovative factor in development outcomes that reflect the regional dimension in the system of quality indicators of economic development. The authors present and justify their views on several controversial issues, continuing the discussion of this topic that began in the framework of the Efimov Readings II (2019).

scholarly journals Financial Institutions’ Inter Mediation and Economic Development in Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-46
Author(s):  
Grace Oyeyemi Ogundajo ◽  
Adegbemi Babatunde Onakoya ◽  
Enyi Patrick Enyi ◽  
Tunji T. Siyanbola
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Financial Institution ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Real Gdp ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Integration Test ◽  
Bound Test

This paper examines the effect of intermediation capacity of the financial institutions on the Nigerian economic development (Real Gross Domestic Product (RGDP). It is a causal-effect relationship study which made use of macro data obtained from Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) Statistical Bulletin from the period 1981-2016. The result of the Johansen co-integration test and ARDL bound test evidenced that there exist a long-run relationship between financial institutions’ activities and real GDP. ARDL regression model showed financial institution activities, particularly the loans to the private sector significantly impacted on economic growth both in the short-run and long-run The study also found that bank loans and advances, bank reserves and interest rate had insignificant negative impact on real GDP while credit to private sector significantly affected economic development of Nigeria (RGDP) Thus, economic development of Nigeria is driven by the performance of deposit money banks and concludes that the performance of deposit money banks has effect on the economic development of Nigeria. The study recommended that the banking sector should increase lending to the private sector in order to engender economic growth through the enhancement of entrepreneurial development.

The Construction Sector in Mozambique

2020 ◽  
pp. 183-208
Author(s):  
António S. Cruz ◽  
Francisco Fernandes ◽  
Fausto J. Mafambissa ◽  
Francisco Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Debt Crisis ◽  
Construction Sector ◽  
Construction Costs ◽  
Construction Companies ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Policy Measures

Mozambique’s construction sector has long played an important role in the economy. However, this sector has proven to be vulnerable to economic fluctuations, such as those which emerged after 2014 with the macroeconomic and debt crisis, and faces challenges which need to be addressed through long-term sector policies. International experience shows that investment in infrastructure and human capital can play a key role in economic development by enabling expansion in activities, deeper intersectoral integration, and structural transformation in the long run. However, when countries face high construction costs, this can negatively affect the quality of public infrastructures. Moreover, bottlenecks affecting construction companies prevent them from expanding, which leads to an increase in costs and prices when there is a surge in demand. This chapter aims both to identify the main bottlenecks affecting the sector and to present some policy measures.

scholarly journals Temporary Protection and Technology Adoption: Evidence from the Napoleonic Blockade

2018 ◽  
Vol 108 (11) ◽  
pp. 3339-3376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Réka Juhász
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Natural Experiment ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Napoleonic Wars ◽  
French Empire ◽  
Temporary Protection ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Per Capita

This paper uses a natural experiment to estimate the causal effect of temporary trade protection on long-term economic development. I find that regions in the French Empire which became better protected from trade with the British for exogenous reasons during the Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) increased capacity in mechanized cotton spinning to a larger extent than regions which remained more exposed to trade. In the long run, regions with exogenously higher spinning capacity had higher activity in mechanized cotton spinning. They also had higher value added per capita in industry up to the second half of the nineteenth century, but not later. (JEL F13, L67, N43, N63, N73)

scholarly journals Wagner’s law versus Keynesian hypothesis: Evidence from pre-WWII Greece

2013 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 457-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antoniou Antonis ◽  
Katrakilidis Constantinos ◽  
Tsaliki Persefoni
Keyword(s):  
Structural Breaks ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
The Public ◽  
Distributed Lag ◽  
Autoregressive Distributed Lag ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Greek Economy ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Empirical Analysis

With data of over a century, 1833-1938, this paper attempts, for the first time, to analyze the causal relationship between income and government spending in the Greek economy for such a long period; that is, to gain some insight into Wagner and Keynesian Hypotheses. The time period of the analysis represents a period of growth, industrialization and modernization of the economy, conditions which are conducive to Wagner?s Law but also to the Keynesian Hypothesis. The empirical analysis resorts to Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Cointegration method and tests for the presence of possible structural breaks. The results reveal a positive and statistically significant long run causal effect running from economic performance towards the public size giving support to Wagner?s Law in Greece, whereas for the Keynesian hypothesis some doubts arise for specific time sub-periods.

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