To Have Versus To Have Not: A Cross-City Configurational Analysis of Social Service Contracting

This study employs a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis to explore how combinations of demand- and supply-side factors jointly shape the scale of government-nonprofit contracting in social services across 38 Chinese cities. Our analysis reveals a huge disparity by identifying two pathways to large-scale government contracting for “to-have” (well-resourced cities with low service needs but a well-developed nonprofit sector) versus the other two pathways to small-scale government contracting for “to-have-not” (poorly-resourced cities with an underdeveloped nonprofit sector struggling with meeting high service needs). The study contributes to the literature by highlighting how different demand- and supply-side factors can complement each other to form different combinations in shaping the scale of government contracting with new empirical evidence from an authoritarian context. The rise of government-nonprofit contracting in China is more supply-driven, reflecting the government's active role in cultivating the nonprofit sector development. The findings also raise an important policy issue of accessibility and equity in social service provision.

Adoption of digital technology in the New Zealand motion picture industry

<p>This research applies Frambach's integrated model of the adoption and diffusion of innovations to the adoption of digital technology in the New Zealand motion picture industry. Previous models concerning innovation adoption have typically focused on adopter side variables. The model employed here integrates supply-side variables with the adopter-side variables focused on in traditional research. This research extends Frambach's model to consider the time and extent of adoption. The model is tested through a mail-out survey. Tests of associations between dependent and independent variables are carried out through four measures of association in a bivariate fashion. The results show that supply-side and adopter-side variables are both important influencers of the extent of adoption of digital technology in the motion picture industry. However supply-side factors do not appear to be important determinants of the time of adoption of digital technology in this industry.</p>

Adoption of digital technology in the New Zealand motion picture industry

<p>This research applies Frambach's integrated model of the adoption and diffusion of innovations to the adoption of digital technology in the New Zealand motion picture industry. Previous models concerning innovation adoption have typically focused on adopter side variables. The model employed here integrates supply-side variables with the adopter-side variables focused on in traditional research. This research extends Frambach's model to consider the time and extent of adoption. The model is tested through a mail-out survey. Tests of associations between dependent and independent variables are carried out through four measures of association in a bivariate fashion. The results show that supply-side and adopter-side variables are both important influencers of the extent of adoption of digital technology in the motion picture industry. However supply-side factors do not appear to be important determinants of the time of adoption of digital technology in this industry.</p>

The role of risk rationing in rural credit demand and uptake: lessons from Kyrgyzstan

PurposeLack of access to credit is commonly held responsible for slow agricultural and rural development in low- and middle-income countries. This paper aims to investigate the contribution of demand- and supply-side factors, particularly the role of risk rationing, on credit application and uptake in the case example of Kyrgyzstan.Design/methodology/approachToward this aim, the study explores the determinants of credit behavior of 1,738 Kyrgyz sample farm households from 2013 to 2016 waves of the nationally representative “Life in Kyrgyzstan” (LIK) dataset along a hierarchical regression model, differentiating between factors influencing individual demand for credit and factors influencing supply for credit.FindingsThe results of our analysis indicate the relative importance of demand-side factors for credit applications, reflecting farmers' perceived risk of credit default and loss of collateral. Meanwhile, supply-side factors, such as real credit constraints and collateral requests, have a stronger influence on credit uptake rates and overall loan sums. These findings highlight the role of risk rationing for agricultural investment, suggesting a stronger focus of development policy on improving risk-sharing mechanisms for farmers, e.g. by developing the agricultural insurance sector.Originality/valueThe paper contributes novel evidence on the role of risk rationing in shaping the demand for formal credits for increasing agricultural and rural investment in low-income transition economies. Previous research has mostly focused on the role of credit supply, thus underrating the potential contribution of individual risk attitude, risk experience and risk sharing.

Demand- and supply-side factors affecting utilisation and provision of maternal health services under the free maternal health care policy in one municipality in Northern Ghana

BackgroundA free maternal health care policy was introduced in Ghana in 2008 to cater for the health needs of pregnant women for the reduction of maternal deaths. Experiences from other regions and countries show that demand- and supply-side factors often affect the success of such policies although this is unknown in this context. The study aimed to assess demand- and supply-side factors affecting the utilisation and provision of services during pregnancy under the policy. MethodsA convergent parallel mixed methods study was undertaken, collecting quantitative and qualitative data. The study was carried out in the Kassena-Nankana East Municipality in Ghana. Questionnaire were used to collect data from women (n=406) who utilised services during pregnancy. Focus group discussions with women (n=10) and in-depth interviews with midwives and nurses (n=25) were also conducted. Quantitative data were analysed and presented using descriptive statistics. Qualitative data were audio-recorded, transcribed and coded using themes and sub-themes. ResultsBoth demand- and supply-side factors impacted the use and provision of services. Distance and time to facilities challenged the use of services. Supply-side factors such as laboratory services, equipment, drugs and supplies were not adequately available. Antenatal, childbirth and postnatal services were carried out together in the same rooms at the community-based health planning and services (CHPS) compounds. Emergency transport was also unavailable for referral of emergencies. ConclusionDemand- and supply-side factors were reported to impede the use and provision of services. Government and stakeholders should prioritise building as well as expanding the infrastructure of CHPS compounds. Emergency transport for women should also be provided. These together may contribute to improving the use and provision of services, leading to a reduction in maternal deaths and achievement of universal health coverage.

Conclusion

This chapter draws together the findings from the qualitative comparative analysis and the case studies (cross-case comparison) to debunk the demand-side account of compliance and qualify the impact of the number of veto players. It makes the case that the EU’s response to adverse WTO rulings is best explained by supply-side factors and that policy makers are motivated primarily by the rationalist considerations of reciprocity and reputation. The chapter considers how generalizable these conclusions are beyond the EU. It also reflects on the implications of the analysis for the effectiveness of the WTO and the character of the EU as an international actor. It concludes by reflecting on the utility of the concept of compliance.

Demand without Supply: Populist Attitudes without Salient Supply-Side Factors of Populism

Populism's electoral success has been linked to socio-economic crises and to inflammatory political discourse. However, little is known of populist attitudes in contexts in which these supply-side factors are not salient. The present article diverges from the conception of populism that sees it as being activated or fuelled by contextual factors and, rather, conceives populism as an ideological attitudinal dimension that can have an impact on vote choice when supply-side factors are not salient. Using the particular context of the 2015 Canadian federal election as a case to test this theory, empirical analyses support this conception of populism by demonstrating that populist attitudes can be relatively prominent and even impact vote choice in a setting in which the traditional supply-side factors to activate or fuel populism are not salient. Ultimately, populism is shown to be an important demand-side attitudinal dimension even when there is little or no fertile ground for it.

Growth & Determinants of Fertilizer Consumption in India: Application of Demand and Supply Side Models

This paper estimated the growth of fertilizer consumption in India and forecasted it upto the year 2030 and both supply side and demand side factors which influences it. The results indicated that consumption of fertilizers had been increased at the rate of 4.16 per cent. The demand side determinants like area under irrigation reflected at the rate of 1.42 per cent growth, average minimum support prices showed a growth rate of 7 per cent and a short term institutional credit registered a growth rate of 17 per cent. Area under irrigation and sum of average MSP encourages the fertilizer consumption substantially. The supply side factors viz., production, import and subsidy were influencing the fertilizer consumption significantly. The total fertilizer demand is expected to reach at 57 million tons by 2030 and at the same time, rate of consumption might enhanced to 277 kg per hectare. It is concluded that import is unavoidable to meet the gap between domestic production and total demand.

Market Orchestrators: The Effects of Certification on Platforms and Their Complementors

We study how a multisided platform’s decision to certify a subset of its complementors affects those complementors and ultimately the platform itself. Kiva, a microfinance platform, introduced a social performance badging program in December 2011. The badging program appears to have been beneficial to Kiva—it led to more borrowers, lenders, total funding, and amount of funding per lender. To better understand the mechanisms behind this performance increase, we study how the badging program changed the bundle of products offered by Kiva’s complementors. We find that Kiva’s certification leads badged microfinance institutions to reorient their loan portfolio composition to align with the certification and that the extent of portfolio reorientation varies across microfinance institutions, depending on underlying demand- and supply-side factors. We further show that certified microfinance institutions that do align their loan portfolios enjoy stronger demand-side benefits than do certified microfinance institutions that do not align their loan portfolios. We therefore demonstrate that platforms can influence the product offerings and performance of their complementors—and, subsequently, the performance of the ecosystem overall—through careful enactment of governance strategies, a process we call “market orchestration.”

Determinants of Financial Inclusion in Small and Medium Enterprises: Evidence from Ethiopia

The study examines the determinant factors that influence financial inclusion among small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Ethiopia. The study uses an explanatory research design and a mixed research approach with both primary and secondary sources of data. More specifically, the study adopts a multiple linear regression model. The finding of the study reveals that; supply-side factors, demand-side factors, market opportunity, and collateral requirements have a positive effect on the firm’s access to finance. On the other hand, institutional framework factors, and the costs of borrowing negatively affect the firm’s access to finance. This study suggests concerned bodies sustain rapid and inclusive economic growth and hence eradicate extreme poverty and hunger, the policymakers must build an efficient, strong, and well-functioning financial market system that provides affordable and sustainable financial service to SMEs.