scholarly journals School Vouchers: A Survey of the Economics Literature

2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 441-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis Epple ◽  
Richard E. Romano ◽  
Miguel Urquiola
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Theoretical Work ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
School Vouchers ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Student Sorting

We review the theoretical, computational, and empirical research on school vouchers, with a focus on the latter. Our assessment is that the evidence to date is not sufficient to warrant recommending that vouchers be adopted on a widespread basis; however, multiple positive findings support continued exploration. Specifically, the empirical research on small-scale programs does not suggest that awarding students a voucher is a systematically reliable way to improve educational outcomes, and some detrimental effects have been found. Nevertheless, in some settings, or for some subgroups or outcomes, vouchers can have a substantial positive effect on those who use them. Studies of large-scale voucher programs find student sorting as a result of their implementation, although of varying magnitude. Evidence on both small-scale and large-scale programs suggests that competition induced by vouchers leads public schools to improve. Moreover, research is making progress on understanding how vouchers may be designed to limit adverse effects from sorting, while preserving positive effects related to competition. Finally, our sense is that work originating in a single case (e.g., a given country) or in a single research approach (e.g., experimental designs) will not provide a full understanding of voucher effects; fairly wide-ranging empirical and theoretical work will be necessary to make progress. (JEL H52, H75, I21, I22, I28, O15)

scholarly journals The up-scaling of ecosystem functions in a heterogeneous world

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew M. Lohrer ◽  
Simon F. Thrush ◽  
Judi E. Hewitt ◽  
Casper Kraan
Keyword(s):  
Primary Productivity ◽  
Ecosystem Functioning ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Net Primary Productivity ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Ecosystem Functions ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Biodiversity Crisis ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Marine Habitats

Abstract Earth is in the midst of a biodiversity crisis that is impacting the functioning of ecosystems and the delivery of valued goods and services. However, the implications of large scale species losses are often inferred from small scale ecosystem functioning experiments with little knowledge of how the dominant drivers of functioning shift across scales. Here, by integrating observational and manipulative experimental field data, we reveal scale-dependent influences on primary productivity in shallow marine habitats, thus demonstrating the scalability of complex ecological relationships contributing to coastal marine ecosystem functioning. Positive effects of key consumers (burrowing urchins, Echinocardium cordatum) on seafloor net primary productivity (NPP) elucidated by short-term, single-site experiments persisted across multiple sites and years. Additional experimentation illustrated how these effects amplified over time, resulting in greater primary producer biomass (sediment chlorophyll a content) in the longer term, depending on climatic context and habitat factors affecting the strengths of mutually reinforcing feedbacks. The remarkable coherence of results from small and large scales is evidence of real-world ecosystem function scalability and ecological self-organisation. This discovery provides greater insights into the range of responses to broad-scale anthropogenic stressors in naturally heterogeneous environmental settings.

scholarly journals Are MOOCs Promising Learning Environments?

Comunicar ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (44) ◽  
pp. 91-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Ramón Bartolomé-Pina ◽  
Karl Steffens
Keyword(s):  
Learning Environments ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Online Courses ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Learning Theories ◽  
Technology Enhanced Learning ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Enhanced Learning

This article reflect upon MOOCs as technology enhanced learning environments. The increase in numbers of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) has been dramatic in recent years. MOOCs may be considered to be a new form of virtual technology enhanced learning environments. Two types of MOOCs may be distinguished: cMOOCs as proposed by Siemens, based on his ideas of connectivism, and xMOOCs developed in institutions such as Stanford and MIT. Although they have received a great deal of attention, they have also met with criticism. The time has therefore come to critically reflect upon this phenomenon. While there is still relatively little empirical research on the effects of MOOCs on learning, this study tries to shed light on the issue from a theoretical point of view. It will first explore positive and negative expectations regarding MOOCs. MOOCs might constitute a good option if they can be delivered on a large scale, and this will only be possible for a few big institutions. There is no empirical research which would uphold the claims concerning their positive effects. It will then review classical and more recent learning theories with respect to their capability to explain the process of learning in order to compare traditional online courses, xMOOC and cMOOC with respect to their potential to support learning and its self-regulation. Este trabajo reflexiona sobre los MOOC como entornos de aprendizaje. El número de cursos masivos abiertos y en línea (MOOC) ha crecido exponencialmente en pocos años desde que fueron introducidos. Los MOOC son considerados una nueva forma de entornos virtuales de aprendizaje potenciados por la tecnología. Se consideran dos tipos de MOOC: unos los organizados por Siemens y Downes (cMOOC) y otros los desarrollados en lugares como Stanford, con muchos estudiantes y loables objetivos (xMOOC); estos tienen también sus debilidades. Aunque han sido recibidos con altas expectativas, también han encontrado una fuerte oposición que está aumentando con el tiempo, lo que nos permite estudiar este fenómeno en profundidad. Aunque todavía hay pocas investigaciones empíricas sobre los efectos de los MOOC en el aprendizaje, este estudio trata de arrojar luz sobre el tema desde un punto de vista teórico. En primer lugar exploraremos las expectativas positivas y negativas generadas. Los MOOC pueden constituir una buena propuesta a gran escala, lo que solo es posible para unas pocas grandes instituciones. No hay estudio de mercado, ni modelo de negocio, ni investigaciones empíricas que permitan confirmar los anuncios de sus efectos positivos. Revisaremos las teorías del aprendizaje recientes y clásicas respecto a su capacidad para explicar el proceso de aprendizaje y compararemos los cursos en línea tradicionales, los xMOOC y los cMOOC en relación a su potencial para apoyar el aprendizaje y su auto-regulación.

scholarly journals PENGEMBANGAN MEDIA INTERAKTIF CERITA FABEL MENTILIN YANG CERDIK MENGGUNAKAN ARTICULATE STORYLINE 3 UNTUK SISWA KELAS IV SEKOLAH DASAR (Interactive Media Development of Clever Horsfield's Tarsier [Mentilin] Fable Story Using Articulate Storyline 3 for Fourth Grade Students at Elementary School)

Sirok Bastra ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aliyah Tazkiyah ◽  
Maulina Hendrik ◽  
Nurjannah Nurjannah
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Interactive Media ◽  
Fourth Grade ◽  
Student Response ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
School Students ◽  
Expert Validation

Banyak siswa tidak tertarik mempelajari cerita fabel yang hanya berupa teks dan belum menggunakan media pembelajaran. Padahal, fabel merupakan salah satu tradisi lisan yang sarat dengan nilai kebudayaan yang diajarkan di sekolah melalui pembelajaran sastra. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan media interaktif cerita fabel Mentilin yang Cerdik dengan menggunakan Articulate Storyline 3 untuk siswa kelas IV sekolah dasar yang sahih dan praktis. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah research and development (RD) dengan menggunakan model pengembangan ADDIE. Model ini terdiri atas empat tahap, yaitu analisis (analysis), perancangan (design), pengembangan (development), dan implementasi (implementation). Instrumen pengumpulan data berupa angket validasi ahli materi, ahli bahasa, ahli media, serta angket respons guru dan siswa. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa media yang dikembangkan dinyatakan sangat sahih dan sangat praktis. Media interaktif sangat sahih diperoleh dari validasi ahli media dengan persentase sebesar 97,5%, ahli materi 92,5%, dan ahli bahasa 92,5%. Sementara itu, media interaktif dinyatakan sangat praktis dengan dibuktikannya hasil angket respons siswa pada uji coba skala kecil dengan persentase sebesar 98,75%, uji coba skala besar dengan persentase sebesar 97%, dan hasil angket respons guru memperoleh persentase sebesar 98,75%. This research is motivated by students who are not interested in studying fable stories which are only in the form of text and had not used learning media. Using Articulate Storyline 3 for fourth-grade elementary school students attempted to create valid and practical interactive media for Mentilin yang Cerdik fable stories. The research approach used was Research and Development (RD), which followed the ADDIE development model with four stages: analysis, design, development, and implementation. Material expert validation questionnaires, linguists, media experts, teacher, and student response questionnaires were all used to collect data. Material expert validation questionnaires, linguists, media experts, teacher, and student response questionnaires were all used to collect data. The result of research and development stated that the media was very valid and very practical. Very valid interactive media was obtained from the validation of media experts with a percentage of 97.5%, material experts 92.5%, and linguists 92.5%. While interactive media is stated to be very practical with the evidence of the results of student response questionnaires in small-scale trials with a a percentage of 98.75%, large-scale trials with a percentage of 97%, and the results of teacher response questionnaires obtaining a percentage of 98.75%.

scholarly journals Informing Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Management from an Indigenous Perspective: The Mōtū Kahawai Fishery

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Kimberley Maxwell
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Fisheries Management ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
River Mouth ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Ecosystem Interactions

<p>Despite agencies striving to manage fisheries sustainably, focusing on large-scale commercial interests and ignoring target species and their wider ecosystem interactions, has depleted or collapsed fisheries globally. Indigenous community well-being, practices, knowledge, and food supplies have also diminished as a result. Fisheries managers are now developing a more combined approach to decision-making, which recognises the social and ecological relationships of fisheries. The Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries encourages fisheries scientists and managers to engage with each other, and with the wider community, and to include information on the wider social and ecological components of fisheries systems in decision-making.  This thesis explores an Indigenous fishery by demonstrating how to appropriately gather information from a wide range of sources to inform its management. We focus on a case study fishery for kahawai (Arripis trutta), from the perspective of Te Whānau-a-Hikarukutai/Ngāti Horomoana (TWAH/NH). This Hapū (sub-tribe) is part of the larger Te Whānau-a-Apanui Iwi (tribe) of New Zealand (NZ), who have strong cultural connections to, and a unique system for managing, the Mōtū kahawai fishery. This fishery is a small-scale, land-based, hand-line fishery for a medium-sized pelagic teleost fish based at the Mōtū river mouth, located at Maraenui in the eastern Bay of Plenty, NZ.  This research demonstrates holistic ecosystem-based fisheries research as a template for future fisheries research activities. A transdisciplinary research approach, grounded in kaupapa Māori research principles and Māori research ethics, was taken. A strategy was developed to direct engagement with Māori for fisheries research. The existing NZ fisheries management system was defined, and Independent fishery forum plans were identified as the most proactive way to inform the system. A plan can also be used to inform fisheries through other mechanisms; therefore, it is a valuable resource to create. Information on the history, background and value of the fishery was gathered and the Mōtū kahawai fishery identified as a cultural keystone species for TWAH/NH. Kahawai trophic and ecosystem interactions were described from ecology and mātauranga studies. This information was collated in a Hapū plan to inform management of the Mōtū kahawai fishery. This fishery has existed for ca. 600 years and the Hapū wish for it to thrive indefinitely. The Hapū plan will inform wider fisheries management, of Hapū values, practices, and knowledge, to be recognised by the wider community, and to support Hapū rangatiratanga (sovereignty) over the fishery.</p>

Harmonic Syntax

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-38
Author(s):  
Drew Nobile
Keyword(s):  
Harmonic Function ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Theoretical Work ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Analytical Methodology ◽  
Harmonic Syntax

This chapter adapts traditional Schenkerian analytical methodology to form a theory of rock harmony rooted in the concept of prolongation. The chapter begins with the premise that focusing on small-scale chord-to-chord successions, as many existing theories do, tells us little about rock’s harmonic organization. After describing a new, syntactically based approach to harmonic function, the chapter defines the functional circuit: a large-scale harmonic trajectory spanning at least one complete song section and comprising the functional succession from tonic to pre-dominant to dominant and back to tonic. This trajectory is familiar from centuries of theoretical work on harmonic function, but its adaptation to the rock style is not trivial. In particular, it requires disentangling the notion that only certain chords can carry certain functions. For instance, dominant function can arise not only from the standard V chord but also from IV, ii, or sometimes even I chords.

scholarly journals Theoretical Interpretation of Solar and Stellar Irradiance Variations

1994 ◽  
Vol 143 ◽  
pp. 270-279
Author(s):  
Henk C. Spruit
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Surface Effect ◽  
Theoretical Work ◽  
Magnetic Activity ◽  
Stellar Structure ◽  
Structure Theory ◽  
Theoretical Interpretation ◽  
Small Scale

The main cause of variability of solar type stars are their varying magnetic fields. To compute irradiance variations one has to compute the magnetic field (the dynamo problem), and from this the irradiance effects. The second problem is considered here. The theoretical work of the past decade has shown that the dominant effect of magnetic fields is a surface effect: a change of effective emissivity of the magnetic parts of the surface while the nonmagnetic part of the surface contributes very little to the irradiance variation on almost all time scales. No other processes have yet been found that would cause variations exceeding (at the current level of magnetic activity) the observed 0.1% irradiance fluctuation of the Sun. This implies that a knowledge of the surface magnetic fields [separated into its bright small scale (faculae, network) and dark large scale (spots) components] is sufficient for pre- or postdicting the solar irradiance. It is hypothesized that the discrepancy remaining between the measured irradiance variations and values reconstructed from proxies is due to the difficulty of finding a proxy that accurately correlates with the continuum contrast of a dispersed small scale magnetic field. Stellar structure theory predicts that the variations in the solar radius associated with magnetic activity are quite small. For stars, color and brightness variations should primarily be interpreted in terms of variations in the fraction of the surface covered by magnetic patches. Their (long term) displacement from the main sequence is not very large.

Can Reminders and Incentives Improve Implementation Within Government? Evidence from a Field Experiment

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Calmar Andersen ◽  
Ulrik Hvidman
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Field Experiment ◽  
Information Acquisition ◽  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Behavioral Science ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Data Generation ◽  
Implementation Phase ◽  
Hierarchical Organizations

Abstract Existing research demonstrates how governments can use insights from behavioral science to design policy and alter residents’ behavior. This article proposes that the effect of behavioral interventions may be different in hierarchical organizations where the decision to change behavior and the execution of that decision are split between different individuals. We examine the effect of two small-scale interventions—personal reminders and financial incentives—in a large-scale field experiment with public schools in Denmark. The Ministry of Education invited a representative sample of public schools to adopt a program that provides information on students’ socio-emotional competencies. Results show that small financial incentives increased managers’ adoption of the program by 7 percentage points. Frontline workers’ subsequent data generation and performance information acquisition were also increased in the incentive treatment groups, even though the latter was not incentivized. Reminders paired with incentives had an impact on the managers’ adoption, but the reminder effect disappeared during the implementation phase. These findings demonstrate both the potentials and limitations of applying behavioral research on individual residents to hierarchical organizations.

scholarly journals Stage Classification and Characteristics Analysis of Commercial Gentrification in Seoul

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 2440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoonchae Yoon ◽  
Jina Park
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Korean Society ◽  
Chain Stores ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Mixed Use ◽  
Food And Beverage ◽  
Characteristics Analysis ◽  
District Management

Recently, local shops and small houses in Seoul have been converted to cafes, western style restaurants, and large chain stores. These changes, recognized as commercial gentrification in residential areas, are now a big issue in Korean society. This phenomenon has some positive effects, such as the emergence of new consumption spaces and improved neighborhood images. However, this study concentrated on changes in regional characteristics, landscape, and industry homogenization. This study demonstrates the presence of a cyclical environmental change process commonly identified in areas of gentrification and identifies characteristics of individual stages of the gentrification process. The results indicate that medium-scale local stores in Stage 1 changed to small-scale food and beverage businesses in Stage 2. Then, in Stage 3, they changed to large-scale clothing retailers. In particular, the process of change from Stage 2 to Stage 3 revealed that, as the diversity of business types decreases, their uses change and the proportion of chain stores increases. In other words, although Stage 2 has the highest level of mixed use and density, indicating the greatest level of vitality, commercial gentrification to Stage 3 results in decreases in use, the number of aged buildings, and density. Thus, Stage 3 can be identified as the stage in which streets lose their vitality, as suggested by Jacobs. To maintain street vitality, it is suggested that commercial district management occurs during the transformation from Stage 2 to Stage 3 of commercial gentrification.

Le bois comme composant d'écosystème

1991 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Beeckman ◽  
K. Vander Mijnsbrugge
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Ecological Study ◽  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Heat Accumulation ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Ecosystem Component

Wood as an ecosystem component - An  ecological study of wood as a material has to define two ecosystems of a  different level of integration.     The small-scale ecosystems are the dwelling houses, where a considerable  amount of wood is used for several purposes. Positive effects of wood on the  health of the inhabitants are reported. These effects establish the  significance of the typical association wood-mankind.     The large-scale ecosystem is the global ecosystem of the earth. Ecological  diagnostics on this level have to take into account the Second Law of  Thermodynamics. Forestry and intelligent use of wood are able to slow down  entropy and heat accumulation in the atmosphere.

Atmospheric tidal oscillations: an analysis of the mechanics

1965 ◽  
Vol 288 (1415) ◽  
pp. 564-574 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Approximate Formula ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Theoretical Work ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Motion Field ◽  
Semidiurnal Tide ◽  
Coriolis Forces ◽  
Diurnal Fluctuations ◽  
Tropospheric Heating ◽  
Compressible Atmosphere

An approximate formula for the equivalent depth of a compressible atmosphere is developed and shows that Coriolis forces dominate the diurnal tide causing it to have a small scale depth. It follows that either the diurnal motion field is confined to the vicinity of the heating and is rather feeble, or else that the diurnal fluctuations of wind up to 100 km are generated by tropospheric heating. In contrast, the semidiurnal tide has a large scale depth which implies that the semidiurnal fluctuations of wind up to 100 km are associated with ozone heating. Areas of agreement and conflict with observation are mentioned, and several problems concerning data analysis and further theoretical work are outlined.

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