Effects of Copyrights on Science: Evidence from the WWII Book Republication Program

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 218-260
Author(s):  
Barbara Biasi ◽  
Petra Moser
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
World War ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Alternative Identification ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Science Evidence

Copyrights, which establish intellectual property in music, science, and other creative goods, are intended to encourage creativity. Yet, copyrights also raise the cost of accessing existing work—potentially discouraging future innovation. This paper uses an exogenous shift toward weak copyrights (and low access costs) during World War II to examine the potentially adverse effects of copyrights on science. Using two alternative identification strategies, we show that weaker copyrights encouraged the creation of follow-on science, measured by citations. This change is driven by a reduction in access costs, allowing scientists at less affluent institutions to use existing knowledge in new follow-on research. (JEL I23, K11, L82, N42, O34, Z11)

Représentations de l’absence et du manque : de La Dispersion au Livre brisé de Serge Doubrovsky

2011 ◽  
pp. 111-121
Author(s):  
Nurit Levy
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
French Literature ◽  
World War ◽  
Indelible Mark ◽  
Contemporary French Literature ◽  
Post Modernism ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Serge Doubrovsky

Author and academic, Serge Doubrovsky is an important figure in contemporary French literature. His numerous publications foretell the emergence of a new literary concept, positioning him in the domain of post-modernism with the emergence of auto-fiction. From The Dispersion to The Broken Book, the auto-fiction unfolds in a jerky narrative while the genesis of the work revolves around a profound sense of lack and absence that the writer tries to fill through his writing. The experience of World War II left a life long indelible mark on the writer’s own identity and brings forth the creation of this hybrid autobiography that aims at tearing down ge-neric and literary boundaries. Letters and words are used to confront what is missing in his life in a transgressing style that describes the violence of this experience. In this way, Doubrovsky leaves a trace of his existence, transforming his life into a novel – a work of fiction – and by giving space to imagination when telling his own story.

Japanese Commemorations of World War II in the Mariana Islands

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith L. Camacho
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mariana Islands ◽  
World War ◽  
War Memories ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
A Site

This chapter examines the creation and contestation of Japanese commemorations of World War II in the Mariana Islands. As an archipelago colonized by Japan and the United States, the Mariana Islands have become a site through which war memories have developed in distinct and shared ways. With respect to Japanese commemorations, the analysis demonstrates why and how they inform and are informed by Chamorro and American remembrances of the war in the Mariana Islands. By analyzing government, media, and tourist accounts of the war from the 1960s to the present, I thus show how we can gain an understanding and appreciation for the complex ways by which Japanese of various generations reckon with a violent past.

Building the World War II Memorials, 1945–1960

2018 ◽  
pp. 183-221
Author(s):  
Thomas H. Conner
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Special Treatment ◽  
World War ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Us Government ◽  
The Creation

This chapter looks at the longer aftermath of WWII and traces the creation of the second generation of ABMC sites. Focusing on the process of securing grounds overseas, allowing family members to decide where their loved ones would be buried, and obtaining US government clearance on designs, the account is reminiscent of the start of the ABMC and its first project. By 1960, fourteen cemetery memorials had been dedicated. This chapter also highlights the leadership of the agency’s second chairman, General George C. Marshall, and his direction of the building of memorials in eight countries to remember the 400,000 Americans who had died and the 16 million who had served in WWII. Marshall’s high standing in the US government and in the public esteem, just as was true of Pershing, greatly helped the agency to fulfill its renewed mission. The special treatment shown the grave of General George S. Patton in the Luxembourg American Cemetery is also detailed.

Brief aus der Schweiz

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 282-299
Author(s):  
Markus Wild
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Analytic Philosophy ◽  
Recent History ◽  
World War ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Consciousness ◽  
History Of ◽  
Academic Philosophy ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The University

Abstract This letter focuses on both the recent history of academic philosophy in Switzerland and its present status. Historically, institutional self-consciousness of philosophy came to life during World War II as a reaction to the isolation of international academic life in Switzerland; moreover, the divide between philosophy in the French part and the German part of the country had to be bridged. One important instrument to achieve this end was the creation of the “Schweizerische Philosophische Gesellschaft” and its “Jahrbuch” (today: “Studia philosophica”) in 1940. At the same time the creation of the journal “Dialectica” (1947), the influence of Joseph Maria Bochensky at the University of Fribourg and Henri Lauener at the University of Berne prepared the ground for the flourishing of analytic philosophy in Switzerland. Today analytic philosophy has established a very successful academic enterprise in Switzerland without suppressing other philosophical traditions. Despite the fact that academic philosophy is somewhat present in the public, there is much more potential for actual philosophical research to enter into public consciousness. The outline sketched in this letter is, of course, a limited account of the recent history and present state of philosophy in Switzerland. There is only very little research on this topic.

The Dragon's Teeth? The Creation of United States Air Power for World War II

1984 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 664
Author(s):  
Richard P. Hallion ◽  
Benjamin S. Kelsey
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
World War ◽  
Air Power ◽  
The Creation

Gustavo Juan Franceschi and the Jews: The Overcoming of Prejudice by an Argentine Prelate

1993 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-220
Author(s):  
Allan Metz
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
The State ◽  
World War ◽  
Political Problem ◽  
The Creation ◽  
State Of Israel ◽  
Proper Context ◽  
The Catholic Church

This article seeks to demonstrate how Monsignor Gustavo Juan Franceschi (1871–1957) became a friend of the newly created state of Israel when only twenty years earlier he had maintained that Jews constituted Argentina's major political problem. This intellectual transformation will be traced through a consideration of Franceschi's writings about the Jews. As a prominent member of the Catholic church and a strong advocate of Argentine nationalism, his views also reflected the generally ambivalent and suspicious attitude which that powerful institution held regarding Jews. However, following the devastation of European Jewry during World War II and the creation of the state of Israel in 1948, Franceschi's opinion of Jews moderated, resulting in greater understanding. Before presenting Franceschi's views, a consideration of Argentine Catholic nationalism will be provided in order to place these opinions within a proper context.

The Cost of World War II to the Soviet People: Two Five-Year Plans?

1980 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 842-844 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Saraydar
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
National Income ◽  
Soviet Economy ◽  
World War ◽  
Direct Estimate ◽  
Total War ◽  
Upper Limit ◽  
Income Data ◽  
Output Ratio ◽  
The Cost

In a recent paper in this Journal, James Millar and Susan Linz seek “to determine the reasonableness of the Soviet claim that World War II cost the Soviet economy two Five-Year Plans.” They argue that Soviet direct estimates of non-human war cost (capital loss plus direct war outlays plus wartime loss of national income), made by a postwar Extraordinary Commission, imply a cost per employed member of the 1940 population of 7.4 years' earnings. Their own indirect approximation of war cost—based on a construct which incorporates estimates of prewar and wartime propensities to consume and invest, a 30 percent capital loss claimed by the Soviets, and an assumed capital-output ratio of 3—is 3.9 years' earnings. After hypothesizing various values for their parameters, they conclude that “[t]he popular Soviet claim that World War II cost ‘two Five-Year Plans’ is, therefore, above the upper limit [6.0 years' earnings] of the range of the total war cost estimates calculated using Soviet national income data.”2 The implication is that their results cast significant doubt on “the reasonableness” of Soviet claims of war cost. This paper will demonstrate that if the Soviet direct estimate of war cost is properly expressed in Sovietmeasured 1940 consumption years, Millar-Linz's perceived divergence between the Soviet direct and their indirect estimate of war cost disappears.

The Evolution of International Law and Courts

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen J. Alter
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Institutional Evolution ◽  
World War ◽  
International Courts ◽  
Critical Junctures ◽  
Law And Courts ◽  
The Hague ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
State Relations

The creation and increased usage of permanent international courts to deal with a broad range of issues is a relatively new phenomenon. The founding dates of international courts suggests that three critical junctures were important in the creation of the contemporary international courts: the Hague Peace conferences and with it the larger movement to regulate inter-state relations through international legal conventions (1899-1927), the post-World War II explosion of international institutions (1945–1952), and the end of the Cold War (1990–2005). Examining the effects of these junctures and gradual changes in the practice of international jurisprudence, this chapter argues that the best way to understand the creation, spread and increased use of ‘new style’ international courts is by paying close attention to the major changes brought about through long-lasting slow processes of international institutional evolution.

Technological Change: Some Effects on Three Canadian Fishing Villages

1952 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 17-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Richardson
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Technological Change ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Small Islands ◽  
World War ◽  
Fishing Villages ◽  
Sea Bed ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Traditional Fishing

There are two small islands off the east coast of Canada whose inhabitants make a livelihood by traditional fishing techniques. Since World War II they have been greatly disturbed by the encroachment of American and Canadian draggers onto the local fishing grounds. These draggers are motor-driven boats 60 to 90 feet in length which fish with a large bag-like net that is towed along the sea bed. At about the same time the draggers appeared off the islands the fish catches of the local fishermen began to decline, the cost of fishing equipment to rise, and the price of fish to fall.

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