scholarly journals Can Rationing Increase Welfare? Theory and an Application to India’s Ration Shop System

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 144-177
Author(s):  
Lucie Gadenne
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
High Price ◽  
Price Risk ◽  
Welfare Gains ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Welfare Theory ◽  
System Today

In many developing countries, households can purchase limited quantities of goods at a fixed subsidized price through ration shops. This paper asks whether the characteristics of developing countries explain why governments use such systems. I find an equity-efficiency trade-off: an efficiency-maximizing government will never use ration shops, but a welfare-maximizing one might to redistribute and provide insurance. Welfare gains of ration shops will be highest for necessity goods and goods with high price risk. I calibrate the model for India and find that ration shops are welfare improving for three of the four goods sold through the system today. (JEL D12, H23, H25, O12)

scholarly journals Inflation and Unemployment Trade-off: Is Phillips Curve True for African Developing Countries? Evidence from Sudan

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Omer Allagabo Omer Mustafa
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Phillips Curve ◽  
Economic Thought ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Wage Inflation ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between wage inflation and unemployment (Phillips Curve) is controversial in economic thought, and the controversy is centered around whether there is always a trade-off or not. If this relationship is negative it is called The short-run Fillips Curve. However, in the long run, this relationship may probable not exist. The matter of how inflation and unemployment influence economic growth, is debatably among macroeconomic policymakers. This study examines the behavior of the Phillips Curve in Sudan and its effect on economic growth.

scholarly journals Temporary prosthetic fitting for below-knee amputation

1989 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Ozyalcin ◽  
E. Sesli
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Small Volume ◽  
High Pressures ◽  
Knee Prosthesis ◽  
High Price ◽  
Volume Changes ◽  
Dressing Method ◽  
Knee Amputation ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Prosthetic Fitting

The problems encountered in fitting and using the permanent below-knee prosthesis in developing countries are the high price of the prosthesis, inadequate fitting and lack of proper rehabilitation. In Turkey, the preferred treatment of the stump post-operatively is by the soft dressing method with bandaging for maturation and shrinkage. Generally, the application of the permanent prosthesis is in the sixth month post-operatively. Since in patellar-tendon-bearing (PTB) sockets, stumps have to withstand high pressures in limited areas, the PTB socket can only tolerate small volume changes in the stump. For this reason bandaging over a long period may be insufficient for adequate stump shrinkage and amputees will need another below-knee prosthesis, which most of them cannot afford after only a few weeks use. In the authors' clinic, 19 amputees were fitted with simple, effective and inexpensive temporary prostheses following either conventional immediate post-operative dressing or the soft dressing method. The temporary prosthesis is worn for two months. It produces fast stump shrinkage, helps maturation and permits ambulatory discharge even in bilateral amputees. For economical reasons, only eight of nineteen patients were fitted with permanent prostheses, all wearing them successfully without the necessity of further rehabilitation.

The Global Health Licensing Program: A New Model for Humanitarian Licensing at the University Level

2009 ◽  
Vol 35 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 281-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beirne Roose-Snyder ◽  
Megan K. Doyle
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Financial Incentive ◽  
Medical Personnel ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
High Price ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
International Patent System ◽  
Systemic Problems

Disparities in health outcomes and access to the essential medicines that affect health outcomes are two of the most pressing issues facing the world today. The lack of adequate health care in developing countries is rooted in a number of systemic problems, including insufficient health infrastructure, lack of medical personnel, government corruption and incompetence, and the high price of pharmaceuticals. These problems are not mutually exclusive. Instead, they are mutually reinforcing, particularly in least developed and developing countries.The high cost of drugs and vaccines is undoubtedly one of the driving forces in disparate health outcomes, and partial solutions to poor health in the developing world rightly focus on lowering the cost of health products, while preserving the financial incentive for innovation. The high cost of many medicines is largely due to the international patent system, codified by the Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement, which grants a monopoly to the innovator and allows it to completely control pricing for a period of years. The result is an access gap, whereby patients in low- and middle-income countries (LMI) cannot afford expensive patented drugs, while patients in wealthy countries can afford and do have access to such treatments.

scholarly journals The challenges of managing glioblastoma multiforme in developing countries: a trade-off between cost and quality of care

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 116-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Salem ◽  
Sameh A. Hashem ◽  
Abdulla Al-Rashdan ◽  
Najeeb Ezam ◽  
Ala’a Nour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Quality Of Care ◽  
Glioblastoma Multiforme ◽  
Trade Off

scholarly journals Emerging Frontier of Prehistory and Burning Issues of its Study in Developing Countries

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Som Prasad Khatiwada
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
High Price ◽  
Great Loss ◽  
National Budget ◽  
Research Journal ◽  
The People ◽  
The One

Many more prehistoric locations and material remains of man’s past are identified from different part of the world from the scholars of developed countries. In the one hand great amount of facilities and resources provided by their governments and related institutions, scholars of developed countries are working continuously in the field of archaeology and prehistory. Besides this the developing countries are struggling for physical development of the country with low amount of resources and they are incapable to allocate national budget for such studies and the scholars and researchers are badly suffered with low income level and high price for livelihood resulting low level of research capabilities. In this context research work on archaeology and prehistory is far away for them and many more prehistoric sites are still hidden under the geological strata of developing countries. There is a great danger of manipulation in data, possibility of forgery like Piltdown forgery and possible damage of megalithic graves for finding antiquities by tomb hunters. Damage of prehistoric sites, tombs and shelters is a great loss for human being not only for related countries, but for the people of the whole world. Therefore, need of collaborative research among the scholars of developed and underdeveloped countries is must for the development of anthropology in global context. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/researcher.v1i1.8375   Researcher: A Research Journal of Culture and Society Vol.1(1) 2013

Green purchase behavior: mitigating barriers in developing countries

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (8) ◽  
pp. 4-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
The Ninh Nguyen ◽  
Thi Thu Hoai Phan ◽  
Tuan Khanh Cao ◽  
Hoang Viet Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Marketing Strategies ◽  
Purchase Behavior ◽  
High Price ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Product Availability ◽  
Key Stakeholders ◽  
Inadequate Information ◽  
Government Leadership ◽  
Social Environmental

Purpose This paper aims to identify the key barriers preventing the consumer purchase of eco-friendly products in developing countries and later suggests intervention strategies to mitigate such barriers. Design/methodology/approach This paper presents the authors’ viewpoint on strategies aimed at promoting green purchases. Findings Key barriers to purchasing green products include their high price, scarce product availability, low level of credibility of eco-labels, and inadequate information. Mitigating these obstacles requires effective government leadership, social initiatives, and marketing strategies, some of which are discussed in this paper. Originality/value This paper would be of interest to key stakeholders including policymakers, marketers, and social-environmental organizations in the development of more effective green strategies.

Design Exploration of Affordable Refreshable Braille Display Technology for Low-Income Visually Impaired Users

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony S. Walker ◽  
Shraddha Sangelkar
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Visually Impaired ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Tactile Display ◽  
Influential Factor ◽  
High Price ◽  
Digital Information ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Braille Display

People with visual disability need assistance in reading and writing by converting text to braille. Braille allows tactile display of the information for the visually impaired. Refreshable braille displays are commonly available in developed countries for a high price with the number of cells the display contains being the most influential factor on that price. Low-income blind individuals from developing countries cannot afford an expensive refreshable braille display, which in turn limits their access to digital information. The purpose to this paper is to explore design options for reducing the cost of refreshable braille displays. The paper begins with a summary of currently available refreshable braille displays on the market and their features. Next, the design requirements are explored for developing a low-cost device for visually impaired users in the developing countries. The paper also explains the state-of-the-art technologies for actuating the braille dots that may reduce the cost of the device. Finally, the recommendations for reducing the cost of these displays are presented.

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