Research on the Leading Value Drive of Rural Homestead Transfer under Rural Revitalization——Based on the Evidences of China

With the development of urban-rural integration in China, the functional value of homestead bases has evolved from a single residential security value to a multiple composite values, and the property income of homestead bases has gradually become the value driver of transfer and the intrinsic demand of farm households. This paper takes Baitafan of Jinzhai County, Chongqing City, and Xiaofang Yu Village of Ji County as examples for in-depth discussion, and finds that the dominant value drivers of home base transfer mainly include three kinds: capitalization income, commercialization income, and non-farm employment income. The study concludes that it is important to give full play to the resource endowment effect and identify the dominant value of home base transfer according to local conditions to promote the standardized home base transfer and implement the rural revitalization strategy.

Industrial Linkage: Dynamic Equilibrium Supply Chain of Foundry Landmark Industrial Chain -- An Analysis Based on Zhejiang

In the face of the impact of the epidemic on the industrial chain and supply chain, it is an inevitable requirement for industrial development to ensure the dynamic balance of the supply chain. Supply chain is the basis for the generation of industrial chain. Industrial linkage can promote the rational layout of industries. The operation mode of supply chain is the main driving force of industrial linkage. To build a dynamic and balanced supply chain, we must focus on symbolic industries and adopt measures of chain protection, chain supplement, chain creation and chain financing.

Calculation and Measurement of China’s Human Capital after Comparing Human Capital with Technological Innovation

Human capital, as a synthesis of wisdom and physical fitness condensed in workers, is sometimes confused with technological innovation by existing literature. This paper makes comparisons between these two terminologies. Technological innovation is a short-term activity that attaches importance to economic benefits while human capital accumulation is a long-term strategic process with lifelong benefits, and human capital is the foundation of technological innovation. In empirical part, this paper adopts Solow Residual Method to calculate stock, elasticity and growth rate of human capital of 10 countries after eliminating physical capital, labor force and technological innovation. It is found that human capital stock in the United States is the largest and human capital growth in China is the fastest. Calculation is followed by measurement. We construct a comprehensive index of human capital by using Index Weight Assignment Method and Two-level & Three-factor CES Function to measure and predict human capital level in China. Both calculating and measuring results show that growth rate of China’s human capital is around 5%. In the future, for highquality economic development, China should give priority to human capital development and comprehensively improve human capital competitiveness.

The Impact of Money Supply on the Economy: A Panel Study on Selected Countries

This study investigates the impact of money supply on economic growth rate, inflation rate, exchange rate and real interest rate. We used a panel of 217 countries from 1960 to 2020 and four different models to address these questions. The empirical results support the quantity theory of money. In addition, the study found evidence for a negative relationship between real interest rate and inflation and between money supply and real interest rate. Finally, our results show that lagged money growth rate is positively correlated with GDP growth rate but money growth rate is negatively correlated with GDP growth rate.

Impact of Institutional Quality on Multilateral Aid in Nigeria

The linkage between quality of institutions and economic performance of nations has generated a lot of interest among scholars, due to their influence on development of many countries and effective use of resources including foreign aid from multilateral organizations. Two strands of theories emerge on the institutions-multilateral aids nexus: those for benefits of aid to growth and development; and those for harms caused by aid. The research objective is to investigate the impact of institutional quality on multilateral aid in Nigeria. To do this, the study applied auto-regressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach. Data for the study were sourced from the ICRG data, WGI data, QoG database, Transparency International, and World Development Indicators (WDI). The findings show that institutional quality variables do not have any influence on the multilateral aid in Nigeria, except the ‘independence of judiciary’ which appeared statistically significant. In the short-run analysis, the disequilibrium in the long-run equilibrium is corrected for in the next quarter period by about 25%; almost all the variables are statistically and significantly influencing multilateral aid. It is therefore recommended that donor agencies should consider other factors that negatively influence official development assistance (ODA) such as politics, location and colonial history.

Woman Empowerment and Household Income in Kira Municipality, Uganda

The empowerment of women is crucial for the development of a nation .This study is about women empowerment and household income in Kira Municipality of Uganda. The objectives were to establish the strategies of women empowerment, the effect of women empowerment on household income and the challenges to women empowerment. We adopted a cross-sectional survey design, considering a sample size of 72 respondents who were randomly sampled. Findings revealed that strategies for women empowerment included women being encouraged to join group saving groups. It was revealed that women were not adequately trained as dispute settlers, linkers, motivators, facilitators, and negotiators to help implement women empowerment projects in as far as empowering them was concerned. Regarding the impact of women empowerment, findings revealed that skills have been enhanced through training received from women empowerment implementers and programs have reduced employment among these women through skills attained. However, key challenges to women empowerment emerged including but not limited to There is inadequate finance and inappropriate funding of activities, limited access to credit sources to expand our activities, poorly trained community projects facilitators and unnecessary hinder project activities and political interests which affect women group leadership such as interference from community political forces. It is recommended that more efforts should be put to economic empowerment as a process of increasing women’s access to economic resources and opportunities including jobs, financial services, property and other productive assets, skills development and market information. Lastly women should be encouraged to participate in enterprise activities to gain a greater economic role in decision-making. Exercising control over these financial matters enables women to optimize their own and the household’s welfare.

The Long-term Consequences of Ordeals: Evidence from the Chinese Sent-Down Movement

The Chinese sent-down movement between the mid 1950s to the late 1970s is a suffering period for Chinese sent-down youths. Using the treatment effect model and the ordered probit model, we examine the impact of sent-down experience on sent-down youths’ income and happiness based on the sample of CGSS2003 and CGSS2006. By doing so, we can explore the long-term consequences of one’s suffering experience. The overall sample regression results show that sent-down experience increase 42% of individuals’ income, while reducing 13% of individuals’ happiness. Sub-sample analysis results are robust to the collusion that the sent-down experience makes a positive impact on income and a negative impact on happiness. This study provides objective evidence for the historical evaluation of sent-down movement, new interpretation for the Easterlin paradox from the view of personality latitude, new empirical evidence for supporting the new human capital theory, useful inspiration for the current sent-down policy of college graduates’ employment.

Study on the formalized development of the street-stall economy - based on domestic and international experiences and perspectives

The ground-floor economy has a long history as a significant part of the informal economy. Due to the dependence on its own social status and relationship to the government's political and economic objectives, it has developed precariously in recent years. In the face of post-epidemic problems, a shortcut is to learn from international experience. This paper used the structural theory and drew from the secondary data, demonstrating the background of informal economy and exploring the rational ways to maintain and develop street vending. Spatialization, legalization and network digitization are proven international approaches, which display the empirical and theoretical implications to urban practice and studies.

Quasi Maximum Likelihood for MESS Varying Coefficient Panel Data Models with Fixed Effects

The study of spatial econometrics has developed rapidly and has found wide applications in many different scientific fields, such as demography, epidemiology, regional economics, and psychology. With the deepening of research, some scholars find that there are some model specifications in spatial econometrics, such as spatial autoregressive (SAR) model and matrix exponential spatial specification (MESS), which cannot be nested within each other. Compared with the common SAR models, the MESS models have computational advantages because it eliminates the need for logarithmic determinant calculation in maximum likelihood estimation and Bayesian estimation. Meanwhile, MESS models have theoretical advantages. However, the theoretical research and application of MESS models have not been promoted vigorously. Therefore, the study of MESS model theory has practical significance. This paper studies the quasi maximum likelihood estimation for matrix exponential spatial specification (MESS) varying coefficient panel data models with fixed effects. It is shown that the estimators of model parameters and function coefficients satisfy the consistency and asymptotic normality to make a further supplement for the theoretical study of MESS model.

Assessment of the Cost-returns and Profitability Patterns of Tomato Production in Yamaltu-Deba Local Government Area of Gombe State, Nigeria

The study examined profitability of tomato production in Yamaltu-Deba Local Government Area of Gombe State. A three-stage sampling technique was used to select 96 tomato producers. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and were analysed using descriptive statistics, farm budget model, and t-test analysis. The results revealed that, the mean age of tomato producers was 38.94 years, 92.48% were males, 71.56% were married with the majority (95.44%) had family size ranging from 1 – 6 persons, and had 6.55 mean years of farming experience, having an average of 0.6 ha farm size holding. Furthermore, the result revealed that only 8.74% that have attained tertiary education. The results also revealed average variable costs constituted 88.98% and 88.84% of the average total costs of production in the dry and rainy seasons respectively. The per hectare average net income realised were found to be ₦ 154,444.20 ($ 398.05) and ₦ 39,725.14 ($ 102.38) in the dry and rainy seasons respectively. Hence, the returns per naira invested was ₦ 0.67 ($0.00173) in dry season and ₦ 0.18 ($0.00046) in rainy season (P<0.05). Moreover, the results revealed positive and desirable gross and operating ratios of < 1; implying the tomato farms in the study area maintained profitability levels both in the short and long run. However, inadequate capital was critical; which was attributed to lack of affordable sources of credits. Lack of storage and processing facilities were among the impediments to large scale tomato production in the study area. However, improvement in the existing patterns and as well as the provision of adequate essential factors of production will help expand the present scale of operations. Therefore, governments and other financial institutions should do more to provide soft loans to the farmers to improve efficiency.