Unless you’ve walked a mile in their shoes---The effect of role switching on experimental subjects’ behavior

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Po-Hsuan Lin
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Subjects

Articulatory Behavior Pre and Post Full-Mouth Tooth Extraction and Alveoloplasty

1980 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 630-645 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald Zimmermann ◽  
J.A. Scott Kelso ◽  
Larry Lander
Keyword(s):  
Control Subject ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Tooth Extraction ◽  
Kinematic Parameters ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Articulatory Movements ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Experimental Subjects ◽  
Normal Speech

High speed cinefluorography was used to track articulatory movements preceding and following full-mouth tooth extraction and alveoloplasty in two subjects. Films also were made of a control subject on two separate days. The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of dramatically altering the structural dimensions of the oral cavity on the kinematic parameters of speech. The results showed that the experimental subjects performed differently pre and postoperatively though the changes were in different directions for the two subjects. Differences in both means and variabilities of kinematic parameters were larger between days for the experimental (operated) subjects than for the control subject. The results for the Control subject also showed significant differences in the mean values of kinematic variables between days though these day-to-day differences could not account for the effects found pre- and postoperatively. The results of the kinematic analysis, particularly the finding that transition time was most stable over the experimental conditions for the operated subjects, are used to speculate about the coordination of normal speech.

Deceiving experimental subjects.

1954 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 155-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Edgar Vinacke
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Subjects

“Blue Steak, Red Peas”: Science, Marketing, and the Making of a Culinary Myth

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 30-36
Author(s):  
Joel Harold Tannenbaum
Keyword(s):  
Strange Story ◽  
Experimental Subjects ◽  
True Colors

For more than four decades, a strange story has circulated both inside and outside of the academy concerning a 1970s experiment in which foods dyed strange colors were served under “special” lighting that made them appear normal. When the true colors of the meal were revealed, the experimental subjects became agitated and ill. This article explores the origins of the story and its proliferation in prominent newspapers, magazines, and peer-reviewed journals, and speculates as to the nature of its appeal and endurance.

An Approach to Pain in Research Animals

1988 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-154
Author(s):  
David B. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Damage ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Physical Pain ◽  
Insufficient Information ◽  
Experimental Procedure ◽  
Analgesic Drugs ◽  
Diagnosis And Prognosis ◽  
Experimental Subjects ◽  
Decisive Action ◽  
Cause Of Pain

Pain can either signal the threat of tissue-damage (nociception) or can result from tissue damage itself. The physiology and “pathology” of pain, in the second instance, suggest that it can be diagnosed (not “measured”, “assessed”, etc.) on the basis of its association, but not equality, with tissue damage and by its coincidence with changes in behaviour. Pain will be present as part of a syndrome and cannot occur without cause or association. Pain may occur in experiments: a) coincidentally and unrelated to any experimental procedure, b) accidentally, when a procedure goes amiss, and c) as part of the experimental design. Where pain is intrinsic to the aims of an experiment (for example in the testing of analgesics), “escape routes” and “limits” must be formulated for the benefit of experimental subjects. In addition, the empirical value of the experiment must be assessed. There is insufficient information on the use and efficacy of analgesic drugs in animals. These drugs, however, are neither the only nor the most effective means of alleviating physical pain in animals. Other forms of treatment are considered. All depend on sound diagnosis and prognosis. Decisive action against the cause of pain is necessary.

External Appearance and Internal Decoration Design of Loader Based on Eye Tracker

2014 ◽  
Vol 519-520 ◽  
pp. 828-832
Author(s):  
He Shan Liu ◽  
Xun Chen ◽  
Jun Zhou ◽  
Wei Liu
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Professional Group ◽  
Instrument Panel ◽  
Sales Volume ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
External Appearance ◽  
Experimental Subjects

In today’s marketplace, external appearance and internal decoration become an increasingly important factor that affecting sales volume of product. Moreover, for loaders, the external appearance and decoration of the cab may influence the driver’s comfort both visually and mentally. In order to find out how it works, we divided the experimental subjects into professional group and nonprofessional group and used eye tracker to record subjects’ responses (eye movements) to the pictures of the loader, and then analyzed these responses with the eye tracker build-in analyzing software. The results show that the professional are more interested in functional parts and the nonprofessionals are more likely to be influenced by appearance shape and color; the instrument panel is less attracted during the whole experiments.

scholarly journals Walking time measures for evaluating OA of the knee

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-8
Author(s):  
R. Marks
Keyword(s):  
Functional Performance ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Knee Extensor ◽  
Quadriceps Strength ◽  
Knee Extensor Strength ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Walking Tests ◽  
Experimental Subjects ◽  
Test Retest Reliability ◽  
Walking Time

This study assessed the test-retest reliability and the sensitivity of self-paced walking time measurements for evaluating the functional performance of persons with knee osteoarthritis (OA). The 13 m timed walking tests were carried out on two separate occasions over a six-week period for 10 patients using a standardised protocol. The same measurements were recorded also for three additional patients before and after a six-week quadriceps strength training regimen. As indicated by an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.83 with no significant intersession test differences for the group (P=0.98), the gait measurements were reliable. However, despite marked increase in knee extensor strength and significant subjective improvements in walking time for the three experimental subjects were smaller than the error of measurement. The findings suggest that regardless of reliability, measurements of self-paced level walking time might not be sufficiently sensitive for evaluating longitudinal changes in functional performance in this patient population.

Inhibitory Conditioning Resulting from a Reduction in the Magnitude of Reinforcement

1982 ◽  
Vol 34 (3b) ◽  
pp. 163-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Cotton ◽  
Glyn Goodall ◽  
N. J. Mackintosh
Keyword(s):  
Stimulus Control ◽  
Shock Intensity ◽  
Conditioned Suppression ◽  
Summation Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Conditioned Inhibitor ◽  
Inhibitory Conditioning ◽  
Experimental Subjects ◽  
The Difference

Five experiments, all employing conditioned suppression in rats, studied inhibitory conditioning to a stimulus signalling a reduction in shock intensity. Experimental subjects were conditioned to a tone signalling a 1·0 mA shock and to a tone-light compound signalling a 0·4 mA shock. On a summation test in which it alleviated the suppression maintained by a third stimulus also associated with the 1·0 mA shock, the light was established as a conditioned inhibitor. Retardation tests gave ambiguous results: the light was relatively slow to condition when paired, either alone or in conjunction with another stimulus, with the 0·4 mA shock, but the difference from a novel stimulus control group was not significant. Two final experiments found no evidence at all of inhibition on a summation test in which the light was presented in conjunction with a stimulus that had itself been associated with the 0·4 mA shock. The results of these experiments have implications for the question of what animals learn during the course of inhibitory conditioning.

Practice-based Outcomes Research: Crucial, Feasible, and Neglected

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-114
Author(s):  
Jerry Avorn
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Outcomes Research ◽  
Cost Containment ◽  
American Health Care System ◽  
American Health Care ◽  
Experimental Subjects ◽  
Contemporary Medicine ◽  
Pharmacologic Therapies

The article from the Vermont-Oxford Neonatal Network1 in this issue of Pediatrics comparing two surfactant preparations represents an important case study of a central issue in contemporary medicine: the need for rigorous, even-handed evaluation of competing therapies. Even at a time in which patients and payers are expecting ever-higher standards for clinical outcomes, and policymakers and insurers are demanding more and more stringent cost containment, the American health care system lacks a coherent mechanism for assembling and analyzing the data needed to meet these goals. For pharmacologic therapies, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) prefers that mew agents be tested against placebos whenever possible, unless this would result in harm to experimental subjects.

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