scholarly journals Identification of nucleotides in E. coli 16S rRNA essential for ribosome subunit association

RNA ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 790-796 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Pulk
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Boublik ◽  
V. Mandiyan ◽  
J.F. Hainfeld ◽  
J.S. Wall

The aim of this study is to understand the mechanism of 16S rRNA folding into the compact structure of the small 30S subunit of E. coli ribosome. The assembly of the 30S E. coli ribosomal subunit is a sequence of specific interactions of 16S rRNA with 21 ribosomal proteins (S1-S21). Using dedicated high resolution STEM we have monitored structural changes induced in 16S rRNA by the proteins S4, S8, S15 and S20 which are involved in the initial steps of 30S subunit assembly. S4 is the first protein to bind directly and stoichiometrically to 16S rRNA. Direct binding also occurs individually between 16S RNA and S8 and S15. However, binding of S20 requires the presence of S4 and S8. The RNA-protein complexes are prepared by the standard reconstitution procedure, dialyzed against 60 mM KCl, 2 mM Mg(OAc)2, 10 mM-Hepes-KOH pH 7.5 (Buffer A), freeze-dried and observed unstained in dark field at -160°.


2001 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 142-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrik Stender ◽  
Adam J. Broomer ◽  
Kenneth Oliveira ◽  
Heather Perry-O'Keefe ◽  
Jens J. Hyldig-Nielsen ◽  
...  

ABSTRACT A new chemiluminescent in situ hybridization (CISH) method provides simultaneous detection, identification, and enumeration of culturableEscherichia coli cells in 100 ml of municipal water within one working day. Following filtration and 5 h of growth on tryptic soy agar at 35°C, individual microcolonies of E. coliwere detected directly on a 47-mm-diameter membrane filter using soybean peroxidase-labeled peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probes targeting a species-specific sequence in E. coli 16S rRNA. Within each microcolony, hybridized, peroxidase-labeled PNA probe and chemiluminescent substrate generated light which was subsequently captured on film. Thus, each spot of light represented one microcolony of E. coli. Following probe selection based on 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequence alignments and sample matrix interference, the sensitivity and specificity of the probe Eco16S07C were determined by dot hybridization to RNA of eight bacterial species. Only the rRNA of E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were detected by Eco16S07C with the latter mismatch hybridization being eliminated by a PNA blocker probe targetingP. aeruginosa 16S rRNA. The sensitivity and specificity for the detection of E. coli by PNA CISH were then determined using 8 E. coli strains and 17 other bacterial species, including closely related species. No bacterial strains other thanE. coli and Shigella spp. were detected, which is in accordance with 16S rDNA sequence information. Furthermore, the enumeration of microcolonies of E. coli represented by spots of light correlated 92 to 95% with visible colonies following overnight incubation. PNA CISH employs traditional membrane filtration and culturing techniques while providing the added sensitivity and specificity of PNA probes in order to yield faster and more definitive results.


Author(s):  
Akito Kawai ◽  
Masahiro Suzuki ◽  
Kentaro Tsukamoto ◽  
Yusuke Minato ◽  
Yohei Doi

Post-translational methylation of the A site of 16S rRNA at position A1408 leads to pan-aminoglycoside resistance encompassing both 4,5- and 4,6-disubstituted 2-deoxystreptamine (DOS) aminoglycosides. To date, NpmA is the only acquired enzyme with such function. Here, we present function and structure of NpmB1 whose sequence was identified in Escherichia coli genomes registered from the United Kingdom. NpmB1 possesses 40% amino acid identity with NpmA1 and confers resistance to all clinically relevant aminoglycosides including 4,5-DOS agents. Phylogenetic analysis of NpmB1 and NpmB2, its single amino acid variant, revealed that the encoding gene was likely acquired by E. coli from a soil bacterium. The structure of NpmB1 suggests that it requires a structural change of the β6/7 linker in order to bind to 16S rRNA. These findings establish NpmB1 and NpmB2 as the second group of acquired pan-aminoglycoside resistance 16S rRNA methyltransferases.


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel I. Uyaguari-Diaz ◽  
Matthew A. Croxen ◽  
Kirby Cronin ◽  
Zhiyao Luo ◽  
Judith Isaac-Renton ◽  
...  

AbstractTraditional methods for monitoring the microbiological quality of water focus on the detection of fecal indicator bacteria such as Escherichia coli, often tested as a weekly grab sample. To understand the stability of E.coli concentrations over time, we evaluated three approaches to measuring E. coli levels in water: microbial culture using Colilert, quantitative PCR for uidA and next-generation sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Two watersheds, one impacted by agricultural and the other by urban activities, were repeatedly sampled over a simultaneous ten-hour period during each of the four seasons. Based on 16S rRNA gene deep sequencing, each watershed showed different microbial community profiles. The bacterial microbiomes varied with season, but less so within each 10-hour sampling period. Enterobacteriaceae comprised only a small fraction (<1%) of the total community. The qPCR assay detected significantly higher quantities of E. coli compared to the Colilert assay and there was also variability in the Colilert measurements compared to Health Canada’s recommendations for recreational water quality. From the 16S data, other bacteria such as Prevotella and Bacteroides showed promise as alternative indicators of fecal contamination. A better understanding of temporal changes in watershed microbiomes will be important in assessing the utility of current biomarkers of fecal contamination, determining the best timing for sample collection, as well as searching for additional microbial indicators of the health of a watershed.


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Εργίνα Μάλλη
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  

Η αυτόματη βακτηριακή περιτονίτιδα είναι μια συχνή και σοβαρή επιπλοκή που αφορά στους ασθενείς με ασκίτη. Ορίστηκε για πρώτη φορά το 1971 ως η περιτονίτιδα που εμφανίζεται σε ασθενείς με κίρρωση του ήπατος και συνοδό ασκίτη, στην οποία δεν ανευρίσκεται ενδοκοιλιακή πηγή λοίμωξης που να απαιτεί χειρουργική αντιμετώπιση (δευτεροπαθής βακτηριακή περιτονίτιδα). Κύριος παθογενετικός μηχανισμός της αυτόματης βακτηριακής περιτονίτιδας είναι η βακτηριακή διαμετάθεση, που ορίζεται ως η δίοδος ζώντων μικροβίων της εντερικής χλωρίδας, διαμέσου του εντερικού τοιχώματος σε εξωαυλικές εντοπίσεις. Είναι η πιο συχνή επιπλοκή λοιμώδους αιτιολογίας στους κιρρωτικούς ασθενείς. Η διάγνωσή της βασίζεται στην αύξηση του απόλυτου αριθμού των πολυμορφοπύρηνων στο ασκιτικό υγρό ≥250 κύτταρα/mm3, ανεξάρτητα από το αποτέλεσμα της καλλιέργειας του ασκιτικού υγρού. Ωστόσο η απομόνωση και η ταυτοποίηση του αιτιολογικού παράγοντα της λοίμωξης είναι πολύ σημαντική για τη χορήγηση της κατάλληλης αντιμικροβιακής θεραπείας. Σε μεγάλο ποσοστό ασθενών (60%) με αυτόματη βακτηριακή περιτονίτιδα, η καλλιέργεια, η οποία προτείνεται να γίνεται με ενοφθαλμισμό του ασκιτικού υγρού σε φιαλίδια αιμοκαλλιεργειών «παρά τη κλίνη» του ασθενούς, παραμένει στείρα. Το γεγονός αυτό οφείλεται κατά κύριο λόγο στη χαμηλή συγκέντρωση των μικροβιακών κυττάρων στο ασκιτικό υγρό (1 μικροοργανισμός ανά ml). Προκειμένου να διερευνηθεί ο αιτιολογικός μικροβιακός παράγοντας, παράλληλα με τη συμβατική καλλιέργεια έχουν χρησιμοποιηθεί μοριακές τεχνικές.Στην παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή διερευνήθηκε η δυνατότητα χρησιμοποίησης της ευρέος φάσματος 16S rRNA PCR στην ταυτοποίηση του αιτιολογικού παράγοντα της αυτόματης βακτηριακής περιτονίτιδας σε ασθενείς που νοσηλεύθηκαν στο Πανεπιστημιακό Νοσοκομείο της Λάρισας, κατά το διάστημα 2008-2017.Εξετάστηκαν 150 ασκιτικά υγρά (111 πυλαίας υπέρτασης και 39 μη πυλαίας υπέρτασης), 32 από τα οποία χαρακτηρίστηκαν ως αυτόματη βακτηριακή περιτονίτιδα σύμφωνα με τα κλινικά και εργαστηριακά ευρήματα. 10 ml ασκιτικού υγρού από κάθε ασθενή της μελέτης, ενοφθαλμίστηκαν σε φιαλίδια αιμοκαλλιεργειών και άλλα 10 ml χρησιμοποιήθηκαν για την εφαρμογή ευρέος φάσματος 16S rRNA PCR. Επιπλέον, η ίδια 16S rRNA PCR εφαρμόστηκε και στο υγρό της αιμοκαλλιέργειας που περιείχε το ασκιτικό υγρό, μετά την παρέλευση 14 ημερών επώασης. Στα δείγματα που η PCR έδωσε θετικό αποτελέσματα έγινε ανάλυση της νουκλεοτιδικής αλληλουχίας (sequencing) προκειμένου να ταυτοποιηθεί ο μικροοργανισμός.Σύμφωνα με τα αποτελέσματα των καλλιεργειών, σε 4 από τις 32 περιπτώσεις αυτόματης βακτηριακής περιτονίτιδας απομονώθηκε μικροοργανισμός (12.5%), ο οποίος ταυτοποιήθηκε ως Escherichia coli.H εφαρμογή της ευρέος φάσματος 16S rRNA PCR απευθείας στο ασκιτικό υγρό των πασχόντων, ανέδειξε τον ίδιο μικροοργανισμό με την καλλιέργεια, μόνο σε μία περίπτωση (ευαισθησία 25%, ειδικότητα 100%, θετική και αρνητική προγνωστική αξία 100% και 92.3% αντίστοιχα). Αναφορικά με τον χρόνο του αποτελέσματος, το αποτέλεσμα της PCR προηγήθηκε κατά 3 ημερών του αποτελέσματος της καλλιέργειας. Από την άλλη μεριά, η εφαρμογή της μοριακής μεθόδου στα υγρά των φιαλιδίων της αιμοκαλλιέργειας ταυτοποίησε γενετικό υλικό συγκεκριμένου μικροοργανισμού σε 5 περιπτώσεις. Εκτός από τις 4 θετικές αιμοκαλλιέργειες, όπου ταυτοποιήθηκε E. coli, ταυτοποίησε και μια επιπλέον περίπτωση από Brucella spp, η οποία δεν είχε ανιχνευθεί με την καλλιέργεια. Ο συγκεκριμένος ασθενής είχε θετική αιμοκαλλιέργεια από τον ίδιο μικροοργανισμό και πολύ υψηλό τίτλο Wright-Coombs.Συμπερασματικά η εφαρμογή της ευρέος φάσματος 16S rRNA PCR σε ασθενείς με αυτόματη βακτηριακή περιτονίτιδα απευθείας στο ασκιτικό υγρό, δε φαίνεται να είναι ιδιαίτερα βοηθητική. Αντίθετα η παράταση της επώασης των φιαλιδίων με το ασκιτικό υγρό από 5 ημέρες που είναι το σύνηθες, σε 14 ημέρες, βοηθά σημαντικά στην ανάδειξη του μικροοργανισμού. Η εφαρμογή της ευρέος φάσματος PCR σε όλα τα φιαλίδια που είναι αρνητικά μετά τον παρατεταμένο χρόνο επώασης βοηθά σημαντικά, ιδιαίτερα στην ανίχνευση απαιτητικών μικροοργανισμών.


2006 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 445-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Criswell ◽  
Virginia L. Tobiason ◽  
J. Stephen Lodmell ◽  
D. Scott Samuels

ABSTRACT We have isolated and characterized in vitro mutants of the Lyme disease agent Borrelia burgdorferi that are resistant to spectinomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin, or streptomycin, antibiotics that target the small subunit of the ribosome. 16S rRNA mutations A1185G and C1186U, homologous to Escherichia coli nucleotides A1191 and C1192, conferred >2,200-fold and 1,300-fold resistance to spectinomycin, respectively. A 16S rRNA A1402G mutation, homologous to E. coli A1408, conferred >90-fold resistance to kanamycin and >240-fold resistance to gentamicin. Two mutations were identified in the gene for ribosomal protein S12, at a site homologous to E. coli residue Lys-87, in mutants selected in streptomycin. Substitutions at codon 88, K88R and K88E, conferred 7-fold resistance and 10-fold resistance, respectively, to streptomycin on B. burgdorferi. The 16S rRNA A1185G and C1186U mutations, associated with spectinomycin resistance, appeared in a population of B. burgdorferi parental strain B31 at a high frequency of 6 × 10−6. These spectinomycin-resistant mutants successfully competed with the wild-type strain during 100 generations of coculture in vitro. The aminoglycoside-resistant mutants appeared at a frequency of 3 × 10−9 to 1 ×10−7 in a population and were unable to compete with wild-type strain B31 after 100 generations. This is the first description of mutations in the B. burgdorferi ribosome that confer resistance to antibiotics. These results have implications for the evolution of antibiotic resistance, because the 16S rRNA mutations conferring spectinomycin resistance have no significant fitness cost in vitro, and for the development of new selectable markers.


2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 332-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vignesh M P Babu ◽  
Siva Sankari ◽  
James A Budnick ◽  
Clayton C Caswell ◽  
Graham C Walker

Abstract Single-strand specific endoribonuclease YbeY has been shown to play an important role in the processing of the 3′ end of the 16S rRNA in Escherichia coli. Lack of YbeY results in the accumulation of the 17S rRNA precursor. In contrast to a previous report, we show that Sinorhizobium meliloti YbeY exhibits endoribonuclease activity on single-stranded RNA substrate but not on the double-stranded substrate. This study also identifies the previously unknown metal ion involved in YbeY function to be Zn2+ and shows that the activity of YbeY is enhanced when the occupancy of zinc is increased. We have identified a pre-16S rRNA precursor that accumulates in the S. meliloti ΔybeY strain. We also show that ΔybeY mutant of Brucella abortus, a mammalian pathogen, also accumulates a similar pre-16S rRNA. The pre-16S species is longer in alpha-proteobacteria than in gamma-proteobacteria. We demonstrate that the YbeY from E. coli and S. meliloti can reciprocally complement the rRNA processing defect in a ΔybeY mutant of the other organism. These results establish YbeY as a zinc-dependent single-strand specific endoribonuclease that functions in 16S rRNA processing in both alpha- and gamma-proteobacteria.


2007 ◽  
Vol 189 (23) ◽  
pp. 8510-8518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koichi Inoue ◽  
Soumit Basu ◽  
Masayori Inouye

ABSTRACT A 16S rRNA methyltransferase, KsgA, identified originally in Escherichia coli is highly conserved in all living cells, from bacteria to humans. KsgA orthologs in eukaryotes possess functions in addition to their rRNA methyltransferase activity. E. coli Era is an essential GTP-binding protein. We recently observed that KsgA functions as a multicopy suppressor for the cold-sensitive cell growth of an era mutant [Era(E200K)] strain (Q. Lu and M. Inouye, J. Bacteriol. 180:5243-5246, 1998). Here we observed that although KsgA(E43A), KsgA(G47A), and KsgA(E66A) mutations located in the S-adenosylmethionine-binding motifs severely reduced its methyltransferase activity, these mutations retained the ability to suppress the growth defect of the Era(E200K) strain at a low temperature. On the other hand, a KsgA(R248A) mutation at the C-terminal domain that does not affect the methyltransferase activity failed to suppress the growth defect. Surprisingly, E. coli cells overexpressing wild-type KsgA, but not KsgA(R248A), were found to be highly sensitive to acetate even at neutral pH. Such growth inhibition also was observed in the presence of other weak organic acids, such as propionate and benzoate. These chemicals are known to be highly toxic at acidic pH by lowering the intracellular pH. We found that KsgA-induced cells had increased sensitivity to extreme acid conditions (pH 3.0) compared to that of noninduced cells. These results suggest that E. coli KsgA, in addition to its methyltransferase activity, has another unidentified function that plays a role in the suppression of the cold-sensitive phenotype of the Era(E200K) strain and that the additional function may be involved in the acid shock response. We discuss a possible mechanism of the KsgA-induced acid-sensitive phenotype.


2005 ◽  
Vol 187 (11) ◽  
pp. 3708-3712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Nonaka ◽  
Sean R. Connell ◽  
Diane E. Taylor

ABSTRACT Tetracycline resistance in clinical isolates of Helicobacter pylori has been associated with nucleotide substitutions at positions 965 to 967 in the 16S rRNA. We constructed mutants which had different sequences at 965 to 967 in the 16S rRNA gene present on a multicopy plasmid in Escherichia coli strain TA527, in which all seven rrn genes were deleted. The MICs for tetracycline of all mutants having single, double, or triple substitutions at the 965 to 967 region that were previously found in highly resistant H. pylori isolates were higher than that of the mutant exhibiting the wild-type sequence of tetracycline-susceptible H. pylori. The MIC of the mutant with the 965TTC967 triple substitution was 32 times higher than that of the E. coli mutant with the 965AGA967 substitution present in wild-type H. pylori. The ribosomes extracted from the tetracycline-resistant E. coli 965TTC967 variant bound less tetracycline than E. coli with the wild-type H. pylori sequence at this region. The concentration of tetracycline bound to the ribosome was 40% that of the wild type. The results of this study suggest that tetracycline binding to the primary binding site (Tet-1) of the ribosome at positions 965 to 967 is influenced by its sequence patterns, which form the primary binding site for tetracycline.


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