Classification and Treatment Options for BCG-Failure

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (09) ◽  
pp. 4255-4262
Author(s):  
璇 姚
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Options ◽  
Bcg Failure ◽  
Classification And Treatment

scholarly journals Recognition and Treatment of BCG Failure in Bladder Cancer

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 602-613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Lightfoot ◽  
Henry M. Rosevear ◽  
Michael A. O'Donnell
Keyword(s):  
Bladder Cancer ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Standard Of Care ◽  
Complete Response ◽  
Bcg Therapy ◽  
Risk Patients ◽  
Bcg Failure ◽  
Muscle Invasive ◽  
American Urological Association

Patients with high-grade Ta, T1, or carcinomain situnon–muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) are at high risk for recurrence and, more importantly, progression. Thus, both the American Urological Association and European Association of Urology recommend initial intravesical treatment with bacillus Calmette-Guerin(BCG) followed by maintenance therapy for a minimum of 1 year. The complete response rate to BCG therapy in patients with high-risk NMIBC can be as high as ∼80%; however, most patients with high-risk disease suffer from recurrence. BCG failure can be further characterized into BCG refractory, BCG resistant, BCG relapsing, and BCG intolerant. Current recommendations include one further course of BCG or cystectomy. In patients who continue to fail conservative treatment and who refuse surgical therapy or are not surgical candidates, treatment options become even more complicated. In this setting, treatment options are limited and include repeat BCG treatment, an alternate immunotherapy regimen, chemotherapy, or device-assisted therapy. To date, however, further research is necessary for all secondary treatment options in order to determine which might be the most efficacious. All conservative treatments should be considered investigational. Currently, cystectomy remains the standard of care for high-risk patients who have failed BCG therapy.

scholarly journals Hyperhidrosis: clinical classification and treatment options

2020 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-43
Author(s):  
Antal Jobbágy ◽  
◽  
Luca Fésűs ◽  
Norbert Kiss ◽  
Kende Lőrincz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Options ◽  
Clinical Classification ◽  
Classification And Treatment

Canine thoracolumbar disc disease: pathogenesis, current classifications and therapeutic options

2019 ◽  
Vol XXIV (138) ◽  
pp. 58-71
Author(s):  
Sérgio D. Passos Costa ◽  
Bruno M. Araújo ◽  
Nadyne L. F. C. Rocha ◽  
Thays G. R. dos Santos ◽  
Jamilly N. R. Costa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intervertebral Disc ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Intervertebral Disc Disease ◽  
Disc Disease ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Thoracolumbar Region ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
New Treatments ◽  
Different Characteristics ◽  
Classification And Treatment

Intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) is a common disorder, and most frequently affects the spinal cord at thoracolumbar region. Multiple factors are involved in the pathogenesis of the disease, and it has different characteristics in chondrodystrophic and non-chondrodystrophic breeds. Biochemical and molecular changes observed in the degenerate disc are similar independent of the affected breed. Advanced image techniques demonstrate degenerative characteristics different than those reported by Hansen in the 1960s. Based on and in light of these new findings, new treatments for IVDD have been roosed to optimize the recovery of affected dogs. We reviewed the literature related to thoracolumbar intervertebral disc disease in dogs with emphasis on pathogenesis, classification and treatment options.

Systemic Vasculitis

2014 ◽  
pp. 271-276
Author(s):  
Paul F. Dellaripa
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Guidelines ◽  
Systemic Vasculitis ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Vascular Occlusion ◽  
Immune Dysregulation ◽  
Tissue Necrosis ◽  
Pathogenic Mechanisms ◽  
Immune Mechanisms ◽  
Future Treatment ◽  
Classification And Treatment

The vasculitides are a group of disorders that are characterized by the presence of inflammation in vessel walls, which leads to vascular occlusion and tissue necrosis. Systemic vasculitic syndromes can present clinically in protean fashion and may be due to a variety of mechanisms involving immune dysregulation that leads to endovascular inflammation. However, these immune mechanisms are still not well understood, and thus, one must rely on clinical, descriptive parameters for classification and treatment. This chapter focuses on well-recognized patterns of presentation, treatment guidelines, and emerging insights on pathogenic mechanisms and implications for future treatment options.

scholarly journals Fifth metatarsal fractures: an update on management, complications, and outcomes

2022 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-25
Author(s):  
George D Chloros ◽  
Christos D Kakos ◽  
Ioannis K Tastsidis ◽  
Vasileios P Giannoudis ◽  
Michalis Panteli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
List Type ◽  
Hardware Failure ◽  
Non Union ◽  
Single Screw ◽  
Anatomic Reduction ◽  
Metatarsal Fractures ◽  
Classification And Treatment

Even though fifth metatarsal fractures represent one of the most common injuries of the lower limb, there is no consensus regarding their classification and treatment, while the term ‘Jones’ fracture has been used inconsistently in the literature. In the vast majority of patients, Zone 1 fractures are treated non-operatively with good outcomes. Treatment of Zone 2 and 3 fractures remains controversial and should be individualized according to the patient’s needs and the ‘personality’ of the fracture. If treated operatively, anatomic reduction and intramedullary fixation with a single screw, with or without biologic augmentation, remains the ‘gold standard’ of management; recent reports however report good outcomes with open reduction and internal fixation with specifically designed plating systems. Common surgical complications include hardware failure or irritation of the soft tissues, refracture, non-union, sural nerve injury, and chronic pain. Patients should be informed of the different treatment options and be part of the decision process, especially where time for recovery and returning to previous activities is of essence, such as in the case of high-performance, elite athletes.

scholarly journals Recent Advances and Developments in Knee Surgery: Principles of Periprosthetic Knee Fracture Management

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 301-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mukai Chimutengwende-Gordon ◽  
Wasim Khan ◽  
David Johnstone
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Revision Arthroplasty ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Total Knee Arthroplasties ◽  
Fracture Management ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Total Knee ◽  
Patellar Fractures ◽  
Classification And Treatment

The management of distal femoral, tibial and patellar fractures after total knee arthroplasty can be complex. The incidence of these fractures is increasing as the number of total knee arthroplasties being performed and patient longevity is increasing. There is a wide range of treatment options including revision arthroplasty for loose implants. This review article discusses the epidemiology, risk factors, classification and treatment of these fractures.

scholarly journals An unusual case of ‘exacerbation of COPD’

2008 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-79
Author(s):  
Ruth Marsh ◽  
◽  
Charlotte Cannon ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Embolism ◽  
Lung Function ◽  
Unusual Case ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Lung Function Testing ◽  
Exacerbation Of Copd ◽  
Function Testing ◽  
Classification And Treatment

A 66 year old man who had been diagnosed with COPD 18 months earlier was readmitted with breathlessness unresponsive to bronchodilators and steroids. His symptoms were noticeably improved by lying on his left side. CTPA showed no evidence of pulmonary embolism but raised the possibility of tracheomalacia, which was later confirmed with bronchoscopy and lung function testing. The classification and treatment options for tracheomalacia are discussed.

scholarly journals NASAL NEUROBLASTOMA: REVIEW AND CASE REPORT

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
V. A. Kashirin ◽  
A. N. Shcherbina ◽  
N. V. Rudik
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Diagnostic Classification ◽  
Histological Classification ◽  
Recurrent Epistaxis ◽  
Wide Variability ◽  
Classification And Treatment

Abstract Sinonasal neuroblastoma is a rare malignant tumor with a wide variability of clinical manifestations, which may cause diagnostic difficulty and have hindered the progress in understanding the clinical course and improving outcomes of treatment. Patients often present with nasal obstruction, rhinorrhea, recurrent epistaxis, hyposmia, or anosmia. Treatment options consist of surgical resection and before or followed radiation and chemotherapy. We present a case report and short literature review about diagnostic, clinical and histological classification and treatment of this tumor. Keywords: neuroblastoma, nasal cavity, diagnostic, classification, treatment.

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