scholarly journals Biology and structure of leukocyte β2 integrins and their role in inflammation

F1000Research ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 2433 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Amin Arnaout
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Host Defense ◽  
Large Family ◽  
Structural Basis ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Leukocyte Integrins ◽  
And Function ◽  
Integrin Family ◽  
Β2 Integrins

Integrins comprise a large family of αβ heterodimeric cell adhesion receptors that are expressed on all cells except red blood cells and that play essential roles in the regulation of cell growth and function. The leukocyte integrins, which include members of the β1, β2, β3, and β7integrin family, are critical for innate and adaptive immune responses but also can contribute to many inflammatory and autoimmune diseases when dysregulated. This review focuses on the β2integrins, the principal integrins expressed on leukocytes. We review their discovery and role in host defense, the structural basis for their ligand recognition and activation, and their potential as therapeutic targets.

scholarly journals Differential Regulation of the Immune Response in the Spleen and Liver of Mice Infected withLeishmania donovani

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rashmi Bankoti ◽  
Simona Stäger
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Host Defense ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Leishmania Donovani ◽  
Differential Regulation ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Novel Therapeutic

Immunity to pathogens requires generation of effective innate and adaptive immune responses.Leishmania donovanievades these host defense mechanisms to survive and persist in the host. A better understanding and identification of mechanisms thatL. donovaniemploys for its survival is critical for developing novel therapeutic interventions that specifically target the parasite. This paper will highlight some of the mechanisms that the parasite utilizes for its persistence and also discuss how the immune response is regulated.

scholarly journals Optimizing Dendritic Cell-Based Immunotherapy: Tackling the Complexity of Different Arms of the Immune System

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilse Van Brussel ◽  
Zwi N. Berneman ◽  
Nathalie Cools
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Dendritic Cell ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
And Function

Earlier investigations have revealed a surprising complexity and variety in the range of interaction between cells of the innate and adaptive immune system. Our understanding of the specialized roles of dendritic cell (DC) subsets in innate and adaptive immune responses has been significantly advanced over the years. Because of their immunoregulatory capacities and because very small numbers of activated DC are highly efficient at generating immune responses against antigens, DCs have been vigorously used in clinical trials in order to elicit or amplify immune responses against cancer and chronic infectious diseases. A better insight in DC immunobiology and function has stimulated many new ideas regarding the potential ways forward to improve DC therapy in a more fundamental way. Here, we discuss the continuous search for optimal in vitro conditions in order to generate clinical-grade DC with a potent immunogenic potential. For this, we explore the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying adequate immune responses and focus on most favourable DC culture regimens and activation stimuli in humans. We envisage that by combining each of the features outlined in the current paper into a unified strategy, DC-based vaccines may advance to a higher level of effectiveness.

scholarly journals MiR-146a in Immunity and Disease

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Rusca ◽  
Silvia Monticelli
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Different Types ◽  
A Cell ◽  
And Function

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are regulatory molecules able to influence all aspects of the biology of a cell. They have been associated with diseases such as cancer, viral infections, and autoimmune diseases, and in recent years, they also emerged as important regulators of immune responses. MiR-146a in particular is rapidly gaining importance as a modulator of differentiation and function of cells of the innate as well as adaptive immunity. Given its importance in regulating key cellular functions, it is not surprising that miR-146a expression was also found dysregulated in different types of tumors. In this paper, we summarize recent progress in understanding the role of miR-146a in innate and adaptive immune responses, as well as in disease.

scholarly journals Epithelial Phosphatidylinositol-3-Kinase Signaling Is Required for β-Catenin Activation and Host Defense against Citrobacter rodentium Infection

2011 ◽  
Vol 79 (5) ◽  
pp. 1863-1872 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey B. Brown ◽  
Paul Cheresh ◽  
Tatiana Goretsky ◽  
Elizabeth Managlia ◽  
Gery R. Grimm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Host Defense ◽  
Bacterial Clearance ◽  
Phosphatidylinositol 3 Kinase ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Akt Activation ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Pi3k Inhibition ◽  
Pi3k Activation

ABSTRACTCitrobacter rodentiuminfection of mice induces cell-mediated immune responses associated with crypt hyperplasia and epithelial β-catenin signaling. Recent data suggest that phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling cooperates with Wnt to activate β-catenin in intestinal stem and progenitor cells through phosphorylation at Ser552 (P-β-catenin552). Our aim was to determine whether epithelial PI3K/Akt activation is required for β-catenin signaling and host defense againstC. rodentium. C57BL/6 mice were infected withC. rodentiumand treated with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (vehicle control) or with the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 or wortmannin. The effects of infection on PI3K activation and β-catenin signaling were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. The effects of PI3K inhibition on host defense were analyzed by the quantification of splenic and colon bacterial clearance, and adaptive immune responses were measured by real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Increased numbers of P-β-catenin552-stained epithelial cells were found throughout expanded crypts inC. rodentiumcolitis. We show that the inhibition of PI3K signaling attenuates epithelial Akt activation, the Ser552 phosphorylation and activation of β-catenin, and epithelial cell proliferative responses duringC. rodentiuminfection. PI3K inhibition impairs bacterial clearance despite having no impact on mucosal cytokine (gamma interferon [IFN-γ], tumor necrosis factor [TNF], interleukin-17 [IL-17], and IL-1β) or chemokine (CXCL1, CXCL5, CXCL9, and CXCL10) induction. The results suggest that the host defense againstC. rodentiumrequires epithelial PI3K activation to induce Akt-mediated β-catenin signaling and the clearance ofC. rodentiumindependent of adaptive immune responses.

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