scholarly journals Simple and adaptable R implementation of WHO/ISH cardiovascular risk charts for all epidemiological subregions of the world

F1000Research ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 2522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dylan Collins ◽  
Joseph Lee ◽  
Niklas Bobrovitz ◽  
Constantinos Koshiaris ◽  
Alison Ward ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
Risk Charts ◽  
Free Open Source

The World Health Organisation and International Society of Hypertension (WHO/ISH) cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk assessment charts have been implemented in many low- and middle-income countries as part of the WHO Package of Essential Non-Communicable Disease (PEN) Interventions for Primary Health Care in Low-Resource settings. Evaluation of the WHO/ISH cardiovascular risk charts and their use is a key priority and since they only exist in paper or PDF formats, we developed a simple R implementation of the charts for all epidemiological subregions of the world. The main strengths of this implementation are that it is built in a free, open-source, coding language with simple syntax, can be modified by the user, and can be used with a standard computer.

scholarly journals whoishRisk – an R package to calculate WHO/ISH cardiovascular risk scores for all epidemiological subregions of the world

F1000Research ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 2522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dylan Collins ◽  
Joseph Lee ◽  
Niklas Bobrovitz ◽  
Constantinos Koshiaris ◽  
Alison Ward ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
R Package ◽  
World Health ◽  
Risk Scores ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
The World

The World Health Organisation and International Society of Hypertension (WHO/ISH) cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk assessment charts have been implemented in many low- and middle-income countries as part of the WHO Package of Essential Non-Communicable Disease (PEN) Interventions for Primary Health Care in Low-Resource settings. Evaluation of the WHO/ISH cardiovascular risk charts and their use is a key priority and since they only existed in paper or PDF formats, we developed an R implementation of the charts for all epidemiological subregions of the world. The main strengths of this implementation are that it is built in a free, open-source, coding language with simple syntax, can be downloaded from github as a package (“whoishRisk”), and can be used with a standard computer.

The future of dementia care in rural areas of the world

2020 ◽  
pp. 17-36
Author(s):  
Jane Farmer ◽  
Sharon Grant
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Dementia Care ◽  
World Health ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
Care Improvement

This chapter specifically features the challenges for people living with dementia and their carers in rural areas of low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). It highlights the vital role of the community and primary health care workers and the need to raise awareness and skill development. The chapter considers how supra-national organisations and responses might specifically affect dementia care and development of policy in LMICs, including the role of the World Health Organisation which has produced planning and strategy guidance plus a range of useful tools for under-resourced settings. Other sectors significant to dementia care improvement, are civil society and the research community – of which key organisations are discussed. In LMIC settings dementia can be a poorly understood and culturally contested issue, and the care of people in resource-depleted rural areas of developing countries still requires significant work and advocacy. While WHO strategies can influence the worldwide burden of dementia substantially in the next 10 years, the chapter highlights that particular attention should be given to development and studies of rural areas of LMICs.

scholarly journals Joining forces to prevent dementia: The International Research Network On Dementia Prevention (IRNDP)

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (11) ◽  
pp. 1757-1760 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaarin J. Anstey ◽  
Ruth Peters ◽  
Linda Clare ◽  
Nicola T. Lautenschlager ◽  
Hiroko H. Dodge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
Research Network ◽  
World Health ◽  
Brain Health ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Dementia Prevalence ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Dementia Prevention ◽  
The World

Dementia is a neurodegenerative disorder with global impact, with the largest proportion of cases occurring in low- and middle-income countries. It is estimated that there are 46.8 million cases globally with approximately 10 million new cases each year or a new case occurring every 3 sec (Prince et al., 2015). For comparison there are 36.7 million HIV cases with an estimated 2 million new cases each year (WHO, 2017). The rise in dementia prevalence is largely due to population ageing, with the oldest being at highest risk. To date there are no diseases modifying medications for Alzheimer's disease or the other causes of dementia. Academics and research groups are increasingly focused on prevention or delay of dementia (Brayne and Miller, 2017) and a number of organizations now prioritize dementia, indicating a strong and coherent international effort to address this problem. Examples include the World Health Organisation (WHO), which has established a Global Dementia Observatory; the World Dementia Council; the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD); the U.S. National Alzheimer's Project Act (NAPA); and the Global Council on Brain Health.

scholarly journals Tuberculosis and Non-Communicable Disease Multimorbidity: An Analysis of the World Health Survey in 48 Low- and Middle-Income Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 2439
Author(s):  
Brendon Stubbs ◽  
Kamran Siddiqi ◽  
Helen Elsey ◽  
Najma Siddiqi ◽  
Ruimin Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Survey ◽  
Low Income ◽  
World Health ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
World Health Survey ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause of mortality in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). TB multimorbidity [TB and ≥1 non-communicable diseases (NCDs)] is common, but studies are sparse. Cross-sectional, community-based data including adults from 21 low-income countries and 27 middle-income countries were utilized from the World Health Survey. Associations between 9 NCDs and TB were assessed with multivariable logistic regression analysis. Years lived with disability (YLDs) were calculated using disability weights provided by the 2017 Global Burden of Disease Study. Eight out of 9 NCDs (all except visual impairment) were associated with TB (odds ratio (OR) ranging from 1.38–4.0). Prevalence of self-reported TB increased linearly with increasing numbers of NCDs. Compared to those with no NCDs, those who had 1, 2, 3, 4, and ≥5 NCDs had 2.61 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.14–3.22), 4.71 (95%CI = 3.67–6.11), 6.96 (95%CI = 4.95–9.87), 10.59 (95%CI = 7.10–15.80), and 19.89 (95%CI = 11.13–35.52) times higher odds for TB. Among those with TB, the most prevalent combinations of NCDs were angina and depression, followed by angina and arthritis. For people with TB, the YLDs were three times higher than in people without multimorbidity or TB, and a third of the YLDs were attributable to NCDs. Urgent research to understand, prevent and manage NCDs in people with TB in LMICs is needed.

scholarly journals Patients with more comorbidities have better detection of chronic conditions, but poorer management and control: findings from six middle-income countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Grace Sum ◽  
Gerald Choon-Huat Koh ◽  
Stewart W. Mercer ◽  
Lim Yee Wei ◽  
Azeem Majeed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Conditions ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Uncontrolled Hypertension ◽  
Adult Health ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background The burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) is rising rapidly in middle-income countries (MICs), where NCDs are often undiagnosed, untreated and uncontrolled. How comorbidity impacts diagnosis, treatment, and control of NCDs is an emerging area of research inquiry and have important clinical implications as highlighted in the recent National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidelines for treating patients suffering from multiple NCDs. This is the first study to examine the association between increasing numbers of comorbidities with being undiagnosed, untreated, and uncontrolled for NCDs, in 6 large MICs. Methods Cross-sectional analysis of the World Health Organisation Study of Global Ageing and Adult Health (WHO SAGE) Wave 1 (2007–10), which consisted of adults aged ≥18 years from 6 populous MICs, including China, Ghana, India, Mexico, Russia and South Africa (overall n = 41, 557). Results A higher number of comorbidities was associated with better odds of diagnosis for hypertension, angina, and arthritis, and higher odds of having treatment for hypertension and angina. However, more comorbidities were associated with increased odds of uncontrolled hypertension, angina, arthritis, and asthma. Comorbidity with concordant conditions was associated with improved diagnosis and treatment of hypertension and angina. Conclusion Patients with more comorbidities have better diagnosis of chronic conditions, but this does not translate into better management and control of these conditions. Patients with multiple NCDs are high users of health services and are at an increased risk of adverse health outcomes. Hence, improving their access to care is a priority for healthcare systems.

scholarly journals The potential of low-intensity and online interventions for depression in low- and middle-income countries

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. H. Bockting ◽  
A. D. Williams ◽  
K. Carswell ◽  
A. E. Grech
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
World Health ◽  
Online Interventions ◽  
Treatment Protocols ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Gap ◽  
Low And Middle Income

The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are confronted with a serious ‘mental health gap’, indicating an enormous disparity between the number of individuals in need of mental health care and the availability of professionals to provide such care (WHO in 2010). Traditional forms of mental health services (i.e. face-to-face, individualised assessments and interventions) are therefore not feasible. We propose three strategies for addressing this mental health gap: delivery of evidence-based, low-intensity interventions by non-specialists, the use of transdiagnostic treatment protocols, and strategic deployment of technology to facilitate access and uptake. We urge researchers from all over the world to conduct feasibility studies and randomised controlled studies on the effect of low-intensity interventions and technology supported (e.g. online) interventions in LMICs, preferably using an active control condition as comparison, to ensure we disseminate effective treatments in LMICs.

scholarly journals A Symptom-based COVID-19 Diagnostic Tool in case of Limited Testing Facilities

2020 ◽  
pp. 71-75
Author(s):  
Raiiq Ridwan ◽  
Md Robed Amin ◽  
Md Ridwanur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
World Health ◽  
Atypical Pneumonia ◽  
New Disease ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Transmission Of Disease ◽  
Limited Testing ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Since December 2019, when a cluster of atypical pneumonia cases were identified in Wuhan, China a new disease has spread across the world. COVID-19 has since become the biggest pandemic in a century, touching lives in almost every country in the world. At the outset of COVID-19, the World Health Organization advised for testing to become a priority so that patients with COVID-19 could be quickly identified, isolated and treated to interrupt transmission of disease. However, testing shortages have been an increasing problem in low and middle income countries. Even when tests are available, it has proved time-consuming. Therefore, we propose a symptom-based tool to assist in the diagnosis of COVID-19 management in low and middle income Countries. It is based on the symptoms that have so far been described in the literature and advises the frontline healthcare worker on how to diagnose the likelihood of having COVID-19 and separate the patient into Red (very likely), Yellow (possible) and Green (unlikely) categories. J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2020; 38(0): 71-75

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