scholarly journals Protocol: Leveraging a demographic and health surveillance system for Covid-19 Surveillance in rural KwaZulu-Natal

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 109
Author(s):  
Mark J. Siedner ◽  
Guy Harling ◽  
Anne Derache ◽  
Theresa Smit ◽  
Thandeka Khoza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Surveillance Program ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Risk Minimization ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Resource Limited ◽  
Kwazulu Natal ◽  
Public Sector Health ◽  
Demographic Surveillance Systems ◽  
The Impact

A coordinated system of disease surveillance will be critical to effectively control the coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic. Such systems enable rapid detection and mapping of epidemics and inform allocation of scarce prevention and intervention resources. Although many lower- and middle-income settings lack infrastructure for optimal disease surveillance, health and demographic surveillance systems (HDSS) provide a unique opportunity for epidemic monitoring. This protocol describes a surveillance program at the Africa Health Research Institute’s Population Intervention Platform site in northern KwaZulu-Natal. The program leverages a longstanding HDSS in a rural, resource-limited setting with very high prevalence of HIV and tuberculosis to perform Covid-19 surveillance. Our primary aims include: describing the epidemiology of the Covid-19 epidemic in rural KwaZulu-Natal; determining the impact of the Covid-19 outbreak and non-pharmaceutical control interventions (NPI) on behaviour and wellbeing; determining the impact of HIV and tuberculosis on Covid-19 susceptibility; and using collected data to support the local public-sector health response. The program involves telephone-based interviews with over 20,000 households every four months, plus a sub-study calling 750 households every two weeks. Each call asks a household representative how the epidemic and NPI are affecting the household and conducts a Covid-19 risk screen for all resident members. Any individuals screening positive are invited to a clinical screen, potential test and referral to necessary care – conducted in-person near their home following careful risk minimization procedures. In this protocol we report the details of our cohort design, questionnaires, data and reporting structures, and standard operating procedures in hopes that our project can inform similar efforts elsewhere.

scholarly journals Protocol: Leveraging a demographic and health surveillance system for Covid-19 Surveillance in rural KwaZulu-Natal

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark J. Siedner ◽  
Guy Harling ◽  
Anne Derache ◽  
Theresa Smit ◽  
Thandeka Khoza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Surveillance Program ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Risk Minimization ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Resource Limited ◽  
Kwazulu Natal ◽  
Public Sector Health ◽  
Demographic Surveillance Systems ◽  
The Impact

A coordinated system of disease surveillance will be critical to effectively control the coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic. Such systems enable rapid detection and mapping of epidemics and inform allocation of scarce prevention and intervention resources. Although many lower- and middle-income settings lack infrastructure for optimal disease surveillance, health and demographic surveillance systems (HDSS) provide a unique opportunity for epidemic monitoring. This protocol describes a surveillance program at the Africa Health Research Institute’s Population Intervention Platform site in northern KwaZulu-Natal. The program leverages a longstanding HDSS in a rural, resource-limited setting with very high prevalence of HIV and tuberculosis to perform Covid-19 surveillance. Our primary aims include: describing the epidemiology of the Covid-19 epidemic in rural KwaZulu-Natal; determining the impact of the Covid-19 outbreak and non-pharmaceutical control interventions (NPI) on behaviour and wellbeing; determining the impact of HIV and tuberculosis on Covid-19 susceptibility; and using collected data to support the local public-sector health response. The program involves telephone-based interviews with over 20,000 households every four months, plus a sub-study calling 750 households every two weeks. Each call asks a household representative how the epidemic and NPI are affecting the household and conducts a Covid-19 risk screen for all resident members. Any individuals screening positive are invited to a clinical screen, potential test and referral to necessary care – conducted in-person near their home following careful risk minimization procedures. In this protocol we report the details of our cohort design, questionnaires, data and reporting structures, and standard operating procedures in hopes that our project can inform similar efforts elsewhere.

scholarly journals Investigating the Impact of Asymptomatic Carriers on COVID-19 Transmission

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob B. Aguilar ◽  
Jeremy Samuel Faust ◽  
Lauren M. Westafer ◽  
Juan B. Gutierrez
Keyword(s):  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Point Estimate ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Average Case ◽  
Asymptomatic Carriers ◽  
The Impact

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a novel human respiratory disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Asymptomatic carriers of the virus display no clinical symptoms but are known to be contagious. Recent evidence reveals that this sub-population, as well as persons with mild disease, are a major contributor in the propagation of COVID-19. The asymptomatic sub-population frequently escapes detection by public health surveillance systems. Because of this, the currently accepted estimates of the basic reproduction number (ℛ0) of the disease are inaccurate. It is unlikely that a pathogen can blanket the planet in three months with an ℛ0 in the vicinity of 3, as reported in the literature (1–6). In this manuscript, we present a mathematical model taking into account asymptomatic carriers. Our results indicate that an initial value of the effective reproduction number could range from 5.5 to 25.4, with a point estimate of 15.4, assuming mean parameters. The first three weeks of the model exhibit exponential growth, which is in agreement with average case data collected from thirteen countries with universal health care and robust communicable disease surveillance systems; the average rate of growth in the number of reported cases is 23.3% per day during this period.

Periprosthetic Infection following Primary Hip and Knee Arthroplasty: The Impact of Limiting the Postoperative Surveillance Period

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia R. Roth ◽  
Robyn Mitchell ◽  
Julie Vachon ◽  
Stéphanie Alexandre ◽  
Kanchana Amaratunga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Median Time ◽  
Knee Arthroplasty ◽  
Joint Infection ◽  
Surveillance Program ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Surveillance Period ◽  
Postoperative Surveillance ◽  
Hip And Knee Arthroplasty ◽  
Time To Detection ◽  
The Impact

BACKGROUNDHip and knee arthroplasty infections are associated with considerable healthcare costs. The merits of reducing the postoperative surveillance period from 1 year to 90 days have been debated.OBJECTIVESTo report the first pan-Canadian hip and knee periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) rates and to describe the implications of a shorter (90-day) postoperative surveillance period.METHODSProspective surveillance for infection following hip and knee arthroplasty was conducted by hospitals participating in the Canadian Nosocomial Infection Surveillance Program (CNISP) using standard surveillance definitions.RESULTSOverall hip and knee PJI rates were 1.64 and 1.52 per 100 procedures, respectively. Deep incisional and organ-space hip and knee PJI rates were 0.96 and 0.71, respectively. In total, 93% of hip PJIs and 92% of knee PJIs were identified within 90 days, with a median time to detection of 21 days. However, 11%–16% of deep incisional and organ-space infections were not detected within 90 days. This rate was reduced to 3%–4% at 180 days post procedure. Anaerobic and polymicrobial infections had the shortest median time from procedure to detection (17 and 18 days, respectively) compared with infections due to other microorganisms, including Staphylococcus aureus.CONCLUSIONSPJI rates were similar to those reported elsewhere, although differences in national surveillance systems limit direct comparisons. Our results suggest that a postoperative surveillance period of 90 days will detect the majority of PJIs; however, up to 16% of deep incisional and organ-space infections may be missed. Extending the surveillance period to 180 days could allow for a better estimate of disease burden.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2017;38:147–153

scholarly journals Global Landscape Review of Serotype-Specific Invasive Pneumococcal Disease Surveillance among Countries Using PCV10/13: The Pneumococcal Serotype Replacement and Distribution Estimation (PSERENADE) Project

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 742 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Deloria Knoll ◽  
Julia Bennett ◽  
Maria Garcia Quesada ◽  
Eunice Kagucia ◽  
Meagan Peterson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Distribution Estimation ◽  
Serotype Replacement ◽  
Pneumococcal Serotype ◽  
Adult Immunization ◽  
The Impact

Serotype-specific surveillance for invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) is essential for assessing the impact of 10- and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV10/13). The Pneumococcal Serotype Replacement and Distribution Estimation (PSERENADE) project aimed to evaluate the global evidence to estimate the impact of PCV10/13 by age, product, schedule, and syndrome. Here we systematically characterize and summarize the global landscape of routine serotype-specific IPD surveillance in PCV10/13-using countries and describe the subset that are included in PSERENADE. Of 138 countries using PCV10/13 as of 2018, we identified 109 with IPD surveillance systems, 76 of which met PSERENADE data collection eligibility criteria. PSERENADE received data from most (n = 63, 82.9%), yielding 240,639 post-PCV10/13 introduction IPD cases. Pediatric and adult surveillance was represented from all geographic regions but was limited from lower income and high-burden countries. In PSERENADE, 18 sites evaluated PCV10, 42 PCV13, and 17 both; 17 sites used a 3 + 0 schedule, 38 used 2 + 1, 13 used 3 + 1, and 9 used mixed schedules. With such a sizeable and generally representative dataset, PSERENADE will be able to conduct robust analyses to estimate PCV impact and inform policy at national and global levels regarding adult immunization, schedule, and product choice, including for higher valency PCVs on the horizon.

scholarly journals Using health and demographic surveillance to understand the burden of disease in populations: The case of tuberculosis in rural South Africa1

2007 ◽  
Vol 35 (69_suppl) ◽  
pp. 45-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul M. Pronyk ◽  
Kathleen Kahn ◽  
Stephen M. Tollman
Keyword(s):  
Health Service ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Case Finding ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Equal Proportion ◽  
Rural South ◽  
Duration Of Symptoms ◽  
Prolonged Duration ◽  
Demographic Surveillance Systems

Aims: To utilize the Agincourt health and demographic surveillance system (HDSS) platform to assess the burden of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in a rural South African sub-district. Methods: During 1999, data from three sources were combined to estimate disease prevalence amongst a non-migrant adult population: (1) passive case-finding (PCF) through hospital register data; (2) active case finding (ACF) using a systematic household assessment of chronic coughers; and (3) verbal autopsy (VA) data on cause of death. Results: Of 66,840 residents, 38,251 permanent adult residents were included in the analysis. A total of 102 cases of PTB were detected through PCF. ACF sweep detected 366 chronic coughers with 6 cases of confirmed PTB. Among 28 PTB deaths detected by VA, 13 (46%) were not previously identified by the health service. The total PTB prevalence was 157/100,000; 110/100,000 of prevalent cases were detected by PCF. Among undetected cases, 24/ 100,000 were identified through ACF, while 23/100,000 were detected by the VA process. Conclusions: Amongst prevalent PTB cases in the permanent adult population, 70% were detected by the health service; 15% of cases were undiagnosed in the community, while an equal proportion died of PTB prior to diagnosis. The latter groups contributed disproportionately to infectiousness in the community through prolonged duration of symptoms. As most of these cases presented to the health service on a number of occasions, strengthening early case detection should remain the cornerstone of TB control efforts. Strategies to strengthen the application of health & demographic surveillance systems to disease surveillance are discussed.

scholarly journals Knowledge Management Initiatives for Tackling the COVID-19 Pandemic in India

Metamorphosis ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 097262252110236
Author(s):  
Shakti Chaturvedi ◽  
Tushar Singh
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Management ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Surveillance Program ◽  
Current State ◽  
Entire World ◽  
Media Reports ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Knowledge Management Initiatives

Even though India, with the second-largest population on the planet, had taken early careful steps through screening and activating the integrated disease surveillance program movement, the COVID-19 disease was yet spreading once the lockdown was lifted in 2020. Thus, not only India but the entire world is dreading the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The present work offers reporting and investigations of the current issues about COVID-19, particularly from March to November 2020 in India. The authors have done an exhaustive analysis of media reports, government briefings, social platforms and present five knowledge management initiatives through a framework to improve the current state of response.

scholarly journals Institutionalising wastewater surveillance systems to minimise the impact of COVID-19: cases of Indonesia, Japan and Viet Nam

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Takeda ◽  
M. Kitajima ◽  
N. T. T. Huong ◽  
A. S. Setiyawan ◽  
T. Setiadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surveillance System ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Viet Nam ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Rapid Rate ◽  
Disease Surveillance System ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Potential Tool ◽  
Actual Prevalence

Abstract This mini review describes the current status and challenges regarding institutionalisation of wastewater surveillance systems against COVID-19. Monitoring SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater has been proposed to be a potential tool to understand the actual prevalence of COVID-19 in the community, and it could be an effective approach to monitor the trend during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, challenges to institutionalise wastewater surveillance systems are still abundant and unfolding at a rapid rate given that the international understanding regarding the scientific knowledge and socio-political impacts of COVID-19 are in the developing stages. To better understand the existing challenges and bottlenecks, a comparative study between Japan, Viet Nam, and Indonesia was carried out in the present study. Through gaining a better understanding of common issues as well as issues specific to each country, we hope to contribute to building a robust multistakeholder system to monitor SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater as an effective disease surveillance system for COVID-19.

scholarly journals The burden of legionnaires’ disease in Belgium, 2013 to 2017

2020 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Fastl ◽  
Brecht Devleesschauwer ◽  
Dieter van Cauteren ◽  
Adrien Lajot ◽  
Mathias Leroy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Multiplication Factor ◽  
Uncertainty Interval ◽  
Discharge Data ◽  
True Incidence ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Legionnaires Disease ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Legionnaires’ disease (LD) is a severe bacterial infection causing pneumonia. Surveillance commonly underestimates the true incidence as not all cases are laboratory confirmed and reported to public health authorities. The aim of this study was to present indicators for the impact of LD in Belgium between 2013 and 2017 and to estimate its true burden in the Belgian population in 2017, the most recent year for which the necessary data were available. Methods Belgian hospital discharge data, data from three infectious disease surveillance systems (mandatory notification, sentinel laboratories and the national reference center), information on reimbursed diagnostic tests from the Belgian National Institute for Health and Disability Insurance and mortality data from the Belgian statistical office were used. To arrive at an estimate of the total number of symptomatic cases in Belgium, we defined a surveillance pyramid and estimated a multiplication factor to account for LD cases not captured by surveillance. The multiplication factor was then applied to the pooled number of LD cases reported by the three surveillance systems. This estimate was the basis for our hazard- and incidence-based Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) calculation. To account for uncertainty in the estimations of the DALYs and the true incidence, we used Monte Carlo simulations with 10,000 iterations. Results We found an average of 184 LD cases reported by Belgian hospitals annually (2013–2017), the majority of which were male (72%). The surveillance databases reported 215 LD cases per year on average, 11% of which were fatal within 90 days after diagnosis. The estimation of the true incidence in the community yielded 2674 (95% Uncertainty Interval [UI]: 2425–2965) cases in 2017. LD caused 3.05 DALYs per case (95%UI: 1.67–4.65) and 8147 (95%UI: 4453–12,426) total DALYs in Belgium in 2017, which corresponds to 71.96 (95%UI: 39.33–109.75) DALYs per 100,000 persons. Conclusions This analysis revealed a considerable burden of LD in Belgium that is vastly underestimated by surveillance data. Comparison with other European DALY estimates underlines the impact of the used data sources and methodological approaches on burden estimates, illustrating that national burden of disease studies remain essential.

scholarly journals A Reference Architecture for Developing Resource-Limited Disease Surveillance Systems

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
Agung Fatwanto
Keyword(s):  
Surveillance System ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Effective Strategy ◽  
Reference Architecture ◽  
Limited Disease ◽  
Disease Surveillance System ◽  
Resource Limited ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Technological Perspective

In recent years, several countries have developed and implemented disease surveillance systems. These systems, eventhough having relatively similar functions, are adopting different approaches. Based on a preliminary study, an effective strategy for developing a disease surveillance system was proposed. This paper proposes a reference architecture for building a disease surveillance system based on the medical and technological perspective in the context of resource-limited environment.

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