CLINICAL-ULTRASOUND AND MORPHOLOGIC CHARACTERISTIC OF SEVERE CEREBRAL ISCHEMIA IN NEWBORNS WITH INTRAUTERINE MONO- AND MIXED-RESPIRATORY VIRUS INFECTION

The contents of the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in the serum of the umbilical blood as well as ultrasound and morphologic composition of liquor ways of the brain at severe cerebral ischemia was studied in 103 full-term newborns. The first group included 30 newborns from mothers with a physiologic course of pregnancy (subgroup A) and 20 dead newborns with antenatal anamnesis with uncomplicated virus infection, severe somatic pathology and late gestosis in their mothers during gestation (subgroup B); the second one included 28 newborns with severe cerebral ischemia against intrauterine parainfluenza infection (parainfuenza of 1 and 3 type), and 18 of them died at 3-6th day. The third group consisted of 25 newborns with severe cerebral ischemia against antenatal mixed-respiratory virus infection (parainfluenza of 1 and 3 types and influenza A(H3N2), and 16 of them died at the 2-4 days). It was found out that in the patients of the third group the contents of TNF-α increased till 62.7±2.14 pg/L (in the first and second groups it was 17.6±1.53 pg/L, p1<0.001 and 34.6±2.04 pg/L, respectively, p1<0.001). High values of pro-inflammatory cytokine were caused by the development of system inflammation reaction as a result of direct and mediated influence of some respiratory viruses. In the third group periventricular ischemia was found statistically oftener in 88% of newborns and brain immaturity in 48% of children (in the second group it was 32.1 and 10.7% of newborns, respectively); under pathomorphological study there were revealed big haematomas, subarachnoid haemorrhages, full-blown hyperemia and haematomas in the vascular plexus, karyorhexis, severe perivascular and pericellular edema, vasculitis as well as big focuses of atelectasis, aspirating pneumopathy and pneumonia. This suggested an important role of antenatal mixed-respiratory virus infection and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the improvement of penetrance of blood vessels wall under severe cerebral ischemia in newborns.

Download Full-text

Detection of Respiratory Viruses Among Pilgrims in Saudi Arabia During the Time of a Declared Influenza A(H1N1) Pandemic

Journal of Travel Medicine ◽

10.1111/j.1708-8305.2011.00575.x ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 15-21 ◽

Cited By ~ 50

Author(s):

Ziad A. Memish ◽

Abdullah M. Assiri ◽

Raheela Hussain ◽

Ibrahim Alomar ◽

Gwen Stephens

Keyword(s):

Virus Infection ◽

Pandemic Influenza ◽

Influenza A ◽

Respiratory Virus ◽

Preventive Measures ◽

Respiratory Viruses ◽

H1n1 Vaccine ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Influenza A H1n1 ◽

Respiratory Virus Infection

Abstract Background The objectives of this study were to determine whether pilgrim attendance at the Hajj was associated with an increased risk of acquiring influenza, and other respiratory viruses, and to evaluate the compliance of pilgrims with influenza vaccination and other recommended preventive measures. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted among pilgrims as they arrived at the King Abdulaziz International Airport in Jeddah for the 2009 Hajj and as they departed from the same airport during the week after the Hajj. Nasopharyngeal and throat swabs were tested for 18 respiratory virus types and subtypes using the xTAG Respiratory Viral Panel FAST assay. Results A total of 519 arriving pilgrims and 2,699 departing pilgrims were examined. Their mean age was 49 years and 58% were male. In all, 30% of pilgrims stated that they had received pandemic influenza A(H1N1) vaccine before leaving for the Hajj and 35% of arriving pilgrims reported wearing a face mask. Only 50% of arriving pilgrims were aware of preventive measures such as hand hygiene and wearing a mask. The prevalence of any respiratory-virus infection was 14.5% (12.5% among arriving pilgrims and 14.8% among departing pilgrims). The main viruses detected (both groups combined) were rhinovirus-enterovirus (N = 414, 12.9%), coronaviruses (N = 27, 0.8%), respiratory syncytial virus (N = 8, 0.2%), and influenza A virus (N = 8, 0.2%) including pandemic influenza A(H1N1) (N = 3, 0.1%). The prevalence of pandemic influenza A(H1N1) was 0.2% (N = 1) among arriving pilgrims and 0.1% (N = 2) among departing pilgrims. The prevalence of any respiratory virus infection was lower among those who said they received H1N1 vaccine compared to those who said they did not receive it (11.8% vs 15.6%, respectively, p = 0.009). Conclusion We found very low pandemic influenza A(H1N1) prevalence among arriving pilgrims and no evidence that amplification of transmission had occurred among departing pilgrims.

Download Full-text

SPUTUM CC CHEMOKINES (RANTES AND EOTAXIN), TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA, AND RESPIRATORY VIRUS INFECTION IN ATOPIC ASTHMATICS: RELATION TO DISEASE SEVERITY

CHEST Journal ◽

10.1378/chest.136.4_meetingabstracts.48s-g ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 136 (4) ◽

pp. 48S

Author(s):

Abdelbaset M. Saleh ◽

Magda A. Ahmed ◽

Nadia A. Hassaneen ◽

Mohammed M. El-Naggar

Keyword(s):

Tumor Necrosis Factor ◽

Virus Infection ◽

Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽

Tumor Necrosis ◽

Respiratory Virus ◽

Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽

Cc Chemokines ◽

Factor Alpha ◽

Respiratory Virus Infection ◽

Necrosis Factor

Download Full-text

Multiple Sources of Genetic Diversity of Influenza A Viruses during the Hajj

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.00096-17 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 91 (11) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Joanna C. A. Cobbin ◽

Mohammad Alfelali ◽

Osamah Barasheed ◽

Janette Taylor ◽

Dominic E. Dwyer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Middle East ◽

Virus Infection ◽

Influenza A ◽

Respiratory Virus ◽

Influenza A Viruses ◽

Multiple Sources ◽

Mass Gatherings ◽

Respiratory Virus Infection ◽

Genome Scale

ABSTRACT Outbreaks of respiratory virus infection at mass gatherings pose significant health risks to attendees, host communities, and ultimately the global population if they help facilitate viral emergence. However, little is known about the genetic diversity, evolution, and patterns of viral transmission during mass gatherings, particularly how much diversity is generated by in situ transmission compared to that imported from other locations. Here, we describe the genome-scale evolution of influenza A viruses sampled from the Hajj pilgrimages at Makkah during 2013 to 2015. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the diversity of influenza viruses at the Hajj pilgrimages was shaped by multiple introduction events, comprising multiple cocirculating lineages in each year, including those that have circulated in the Middle East and those whose origins likely lie on different continents. At the scale of individual hosts, the majority of minor variants resulted from de novo mutation, with only limited evidence of minor variant transmission or minor variants circulating at subconsensus level despite the likely identification of multiple transmission clusters. Together, these data highlight the complexity of influenza virus infection at the Hajj pilgrimages, reflecting a mix of global genetic diversity drawn from multiple sources combined with local transmission, and reemphasize the need for vigilant surveillance at mass gatherings. IMPORTANCE Large population sizes and densities at mass gatherings such as the Hajj (Makkah, Saudi Arabia) can contribute to outbreaks of respiratory virus infection by providing local hot spots for transmission followed by spread to other localities. Using a genome-scale analysis, we show that the genetic diversity of influenza A viruses at the Hajj gatherings during 2013 to 2015 was largely shaped by the introduction of multiple viruses from diverse geographic regions, including the Middle East, with only little evidence of interhost virus transmission at the Hajj and seemingly limited spread of subconsensus mutational variants. The diversity of viruses at the Hajj pilgrimages highlights the potential for lineage cocirculation during mass gatherings, in turn fuelling segment reassortment and the emergence of novel variants, such that the continued surveillance of respiratory pathogens at mass gatherings should be a public health priority.

Download Full-text

Respiratory virus infection among hematopoietic cell transplant recipients: evidence for asymptomatic parainfluenza virus infection

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood-2006-12-060343 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 110 (5) ◽

pp. 1681-1688 ◽

Cited By ~ 155

Author(s):

Angela J. Peck ◽

Janet A. Englund ◽

Jane Kuypers ◽

Katherine A. Guthrie ◽

Lawrence Corey ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Virus Infection ◽

Influenza A ◽

Respiratory Virus ◽

Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation ◽

Fluorescent Antibody ◽

Hematopoietic Cell ◽

Parainfluenza Virus ◽

Cell Transplant ◽

Incidence Estimate ◽

Respiratory Virus Infection

AbstractThe incidence of respiratory virus infection after hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) has probably been underestimated with conventional testing methods in symptomatic patients. This prospective study assessed viral infection episodes by testing weekly respiratory samples collected from HCT recipients, with and without symptoms reported by questionnaire, for 100 days after HCT. Samples were tested by culture and direct fluorescent antibody testing for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza virus (PIV), and influenza A and B, and by quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction for RSV, PIV, influenza A and B, and metapneumovirus (MPV). Of 122 patients, 30 (25%) had 32 infection episodes caused by RSV (5), PIV (17), MPV (6), influenza (3), RSV, or influenza (1). PIV, with a cumulative incidence estimate of 17.9%, was the only virus for which asymptomatic infection was detected. Lower virus copy number in patients with no or one symptom compared with 2 or more symptoms was found for all viruses in all patients (P < .001), with PIV infection having a similar virus-specific comparison (P = .004). Subclinical infection with PIV may help explain why infection-control programs that emphasize symptoms are effective against RSV and influenza but often not against PIV.

Download Full-text

A meta-analysis reveals the effectiveness of probiotics and prebiotics against respiratory viral infection

Bioscience Reports ◽

10.1042/bsr20203638 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 41 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Fangyan Wang ◽

Binhui Pan ◽

Sheng Xu ◽

Zhihua Xu ◽

Tiaotiao Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Virus Infection ◽

Viral Infection ◽

Respiratory Virus ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Critical Role ◽

Published Data ◽

Respiratory Viral Infection ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Respiratory Virus Infection ◽

Microbial Agents

Abstract Experimental experience suggests that microbial agents including probiotics and prebiotics (representative microbial agents) play a critical role in defending against respiratory virus infection. We aim to systematically examine these agents’ effect on respiratory viral infection and encourage research into clinical applications. An electronic literature search was conducted from published data with a combination of a microbial agents search component containing synonyms for microbial agents-related terms and a customized search component for respiratory virus infection. Hazard ratio (HR), risk ratio (RR) and standard deviation (SD) were employed as effect estimates. In 45 preclinical studies, the mortality rates decreased in the respiratory viral infection models that included prebiotics or prebiotics as interventions (HR: 0.70; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.56–0.87; P=0.002). There was a significant decrease in viral load due to improved gut microbiota (SD: −1.22; 95% CI: −1.50 to −0.94; P<0.001). Concentrations of interferon (IFN)-α (SD: 1.05; 95% CI: 0.33–1.77; P=0.004), IFN-γ (SD: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.01–1.65; P=0.05) and interleukin (IL)-12 (SD: 2.42; 95% CI: 0.32–4.52; P=0.02), IL-1β (SD: 0.01; 95% CI: −0.37 to 0.40; P=0.94) increased, whereas those of TNF-α (SD: −0.58; 95% CI: −1.59 to 0.43; P=0.26) and IL-6 (SD: −0.59; 95% CI: −1.24 to 0.07; P=0.08) decreased. Six clinical studies had lower symptom scores (SD: −0.09; 95% CI: −0.44 to 0.26; P=0.61) and less incidence of infection (RR: 0.80; 95% CI: 0.64–1.01; P=0.06). Our research indicates that probiotics and prebiotics pose a defensive possibility on respiratory viral infection and may encourage the clinical application.

Download Full-text