Influence of Air Swirl Degree in Refinery Furnaces’ Burners on Nitrogen Oxides Emission and Noise Level

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 56-60
Author(s):  
В. Катин ◽  
V. Katin ◽  
Владимир Косыгин ◽  
Vladimir Kosygin ◽  
А. Березуцкий ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Oxides ◽  
Noise Level ◽  
Ecological Efficiency ◽  
Air Stream ◽  
Experimental Researches ◽  
Practical Recommendations

Have been presented results related to complex experimental researches of refinery furnaces’ operating gas burners with a various design of devices for swirl and supplying of the air stream, connected with ecological efficiency of these burners’ work. Have been shown graphic dependences for influence of air swirl degree in blowing burning devices on produced nitrogen oxides’ concentration and created sound pressure’s level at the work of these devices. Have been established the reasons for raised emission of nitrogen oxides and noise level at operation of investigated gas burners. Have been demonstrated ecological advantages for blowing burning devices of GP‑2 type as least toxic and noisy burners from among the investigated ones. Have been given practical recommendations on the increase of ecological efficiency related to operation of refinery furnaces’ blowing gas burners.

Choice of Optimum Operational Regime for Total Stations upon Making Geodetic Surveys under Heavy Aerosol Atmosphere Pollution

2018 ◽  
Vol 938 (8) ◽  
pp. 12-19
Author(s):  
S. B. Verdiyev
Keyword(s):  
Rational Choice ◽  
Theoretical Modelling ◽  
Total Station ◽  
Visible Band ◽  
Multi Wavelength ◽  
Atmosphere Pollution ◽  
Experimental Researches ◽  
Practical Recommendations

The possibility to use multi-wavelength regime of total stations operation for making surveys under heavy aerosol atmosphere pollution is researched. The actuality of single- and multi-wavelength regimes rational choice under heavy aerosol atmosphere pollution is grounded. The task on researching the matter of operational regime choice for total stations is formulated. The method for solution of the formulated task is suggested. The theoretical modelling and experimental researches are held to formulate the criterion for choice of single- or multi-wavelength regimes. The practical recommendations for such a choice are formulated. The practical recommendations are formulated for choice of measurements regime. According to formulated recommendations if a single-wavelength total station operates in the field of longer wavelengths (R) of visible band and a three-wavelengths one operates with bias to shorter (B, G, R) wavelengths, the single-wavelength total station should be preferred. But if the single-wavelength total station operates in the field of shorter wavelengths (B) and the three-wavelengths one operates with bias to longer wavelengths (B, G, R) then the multi-wavelengths total station should be preferred. The recommendation described in this article are relevant for both the regimes of measurements with- and without reflector and can be useful for users of total stations.

scholarly journals ЗЛО СИЛЬНЕЕ ДОБРА, ЕСЛИ ДОБРО ВАЖНЕЕ ИСТИНЫ: ДОКАЗАТЕЛЬСТВА И СЛЕДСТВИЯ

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-119
Author(s):  
Leonid Levit
Keyword(s):  
Personal Experience ◽  
Social Comparisons ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Future Perspective ◽  
Brain Functioning ◽  
Positive Traits ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Experimental Researches ◽  
Practical Recommendations

В статье исследуется соотношение трёх главных человеческих ценностей – истины, добра и кра­соты. Критический анализ известных философских положений проводится с использованием результатов, полученных в современных экспериментальных исследованиях. В частности, обсуждается противоречие между требованием о приоритете истины перед добром в ситуации конфликта между этими ценностями и воздействием позитивных иллюзий, выявленных современной нейронаукой и свойственных функцио­ни­ро­ванию человеческого мозга. Так, широко распространен эффект «ложной уникальности», при котором че­ловек переоценивает собственные (точнее, высоко желаемые) позитивные качества и недооценивает нега­тивные. Массовая приверженность индивидов заблуждениям относительно величины своего внутреннего по­тенциала, наличия глубоко скрытых ресурсов в сочетании со стремлением поддержать высокую само­оцен­ку ведут к искажению проводимых социальных сравнений. Автор доказывает, что придание добру боль­шей значимости в сравнении с истиной неминуемо ведёт к последующей победе зла над добром. По­добное происходит в связи с большей доступностью и привлекательностью «неистинного» добра перед «ис­тинным». Главное преимущество опоры на истину заключается в её умении распознавать и отделять дол­го­вре­менные разновидности добра от его краткосрочных (как правило, гедонистически ориен­ти­ро­ванных) вариантов, нередко оборачивающихся злом в более отдалённой перспективе. Настоящее (истин­ное) добро, как правило, требует приложения первоначальных усилий, однако приносит пользу в течение длительного времени и оборачивается другими полезными эффектами. В конце статьи приводятся практические рекомендации, а также личный опыт автора, позволяющие информированному индивиду организовать собственное мышление и поведение с учётом выявленных закономерностей.     The article investigates the ratio between the main three human values – the truth, the good and the beauty. The analysis of the well-known philosophical postulates is conducted with the help of the results obtained in modern experimental researches. In particular, the author discusses the contradiction between the demand of the truth priority if the latter gets in conflict with the good, and the influence of the positive illusions, discovered by modern neuroscience and peculiar to human brain functioning. Thus the wide-spread effect of false uniqueness makes a person to overestimate her own (in fact highly wished) positive traits of character and underestimate negative ones. Mass proneness to the beliefs about individual inner potential and deeply seated resources combined with the desire of high self-esteem lead to the wrong social comparisons. The author of the paper proves that the priority of the good in comparison with the truth inevitably causes the situation, in which the evil defeats the good. This occurs because the untrue good is more easily achieved and utilized than the true good. On the contrary, the main advantage of the priority of the truth is the ability to discern and make distinctions between long-term forms of the good and its short-term (as a rule, hedonistically oriented) variants, which often turn to evil in the future perspective. As a rule, the genuine (true) good demands some efforts from an individual at first, but brings benefits and numerous useful effects for much longer periods of time. At the end of the paper, the author gives practical recommendations and shares his personal experience, which can help the informed individual to organize his own thinking and behavior with the help of the discovered regularities.

scholarly journals PLASMA COATING FORMED TIO2 CATALYSTS USAGE IN CLEANING THE AIR FROM NITROGEN OXIDES AND CARBON MONOXIDE / PLAZMINIU PURŠKIMU SUFORMUOTŲ TIO2 KATALIZATORIŲ TAIKYMAS VALANT IŠ ORO AZOTO OKSIDUS IR ANGLIES MONOKSIDĄ

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 365-371
Author(s):  
Vitalij Kolodynskij ◽  
Pranas Baltrėnas
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Nitrogen Oxides ◽  
Plasma Coating ◽  
Air Purification ◽  
Average Flow Rate ◽  
Cleaning Efficiency ◽  
Average Flow ◽  
Air Cleaning ◽  
Air Stream ◽  
Cleaning Device

The present catalytic air purification device–air cleaning device is capable to reduce nitrogen oxide sand carbon monoxide concentrations in polluted air stream and to achieve high cleaning efficiency. The principle of operation of catalytic air cleaning device is based on plasma coating formed catalysts usage. At high temperatures and oxygen concentrations in the experimental device channel, catalysts become active and reactions of conversion of pollutants start. In this research, the efficiency of cleaning the air from nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide, by using plasma coating formed titanium oxide and copper-chromium catalysts, is carried out. 50% propane – 50% butane gas mix was used to generate polluted air flow. The maximum cleaning efficiency, cleaning the air of nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide, reached 86% and 77%, when the average flow rate of polluted air was 0.10 m/s, oxygen concentration in II section of device was 0.5–0.6% and in I section – 0.1–0.2%. Nagrinėjamas įrenginys – katalitinis oro valymo įrenginys, mažinantis azoto oksidų ir anglies monoksido koncentracijas užterštame oro sraute. Katalitinis oro valymo įrenginys veikia naudodamas plazminiu purškimu suformuotus katalizatorius. Esant aukštai temperatūrai ir optimaliai deguonies koncentracijai įrenginio eksperimentiniame kanale, katalizatorių paviršius tampa aktyvus, ir vyksta sudėtingos teršalų konversijos reakcijos. Atliktuose tyrimuose nagrinėtas suminis titano oksido ir vario-chromo oksido katalizatorių, kurie buvo pagaminti plazminio purškimo metodu, srauto, užteršto azoto oksidais ir anglies monoksidu, valymo efektyvumas. Užterštam oro srautui sugeneruoti buvo naudojamas 50 % propano – 50 % butano dujų mišinys. Didžiausias valymo efektyvumas, valant orą nuo azoto oksidų ir anglies monoksido, atitinkamai siekė 86 % ir 77 %, esant 0,10 m/s vidutiniam užteršto srauto greičiui, 0,5–0,6 % deguonies koncentracijai II-ojoje įrenginio sekcijoje ir 0,1–0,2 % deguonies koncentracijai I-ojoje įrenginio sekcijoje.

scholarly journals FLUE GASES CLEANING FROM NITROGEN OXIDES BY ADDITIONAL OXIDATION OF NO TO NO2 AND ABSORPTION

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-85
Author(s):  
O.I. Sigal ◽  
D.Yu. Paderno
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Oxides ◽  
Metal Alloy ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Contact Heat ◽  
Amorphous Metal Alloy ◽  
Operational Characteristics ◽  
Ceramic Packing ◽  
Engineering Parameters ◽  
Direct Contact Heat Exchanger ◽  
Experimental Researches

Experimental researches of operational characteristics of laboratory samples of two types of packing for the direct contact heat exchanger have been carried out, - Raschig ceramic rings and the developed construction with using the ribbon of amorphous metal alloy. The metal alloy packing slightly surpasses the ceramic one by the basic operational heat engineering parameters, and contributes to oxidation of the NO to water-soluble NO2, which enables to remove more of the latter by absorption with water and, as a result, to reduce the emissions of nitrogen oxides to the environment after contact apparatus by 35 % more efficiently than with using the ceramic packing.

scholarly journals REDUCTION OF NITROGEN OXIDES EFFLUENTS WITHIN AN OPEN FLAME BY INPUT THE WATER VAPOUR INTO COMBUSTION AIR FLOW

2018 ◽  
pp. 57-70
Author(s):  
B.S. Soroka ◽  
A.V. Kornienko ◽  
V.S. Kudryavtsev ◽  
R.S. Karabchievskaya
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Nitrogen Oxides ◽  
Water Vapour ◽  
Combustion Products ◽  
Nox Formation ◽  
Mixture Ratio ◽  
Open Flame ◽  
Environmental Consequences ◽  
Working Medium ◽  
Experimental Researches

The state-of-the art the problem concerning reduction the NOx formation by humidification the combustion air is briefly consideredan, alized and discussed. The proper technologies of combustion the wet inflammable mixtures are considered for the cases of using the water vapour pump (WVP), Maisotsenko cycle (M-cycle) and suitable facilities along with the cases of operation the combined systems with heat recovery due transfer the water vapour energy to working medium (combustion products). Both environmental and power advantages of the systems of «wet combustion» have been demonstrated accordingly data collected in some earlier researches. The results of experimental researches of burning process under conditions of input the water vapour into the gas–air mixture to be supplied for combustion are presented in the paper in frame of consideration the results of own authors’ tests. Given information concerning the investigation of environmental consequences of impact the water vapour within the inflammable mixture on nitrogen oxides NOx value in combustion products ([NOx] concentration) has been generalized. The techniques of experimental researches, the design of firing rig and instrumentation, used in the tests have been described. The distinction of ignition the natural gas-air mixture and of stable flame maintenance for case of free vertical flame operation have been evaluated in dependence on inflammable mixture’s composition along with studying of impact a moisture content — H2O concentration in initial gas-air mixture. Comparative evaluations of NO value within an open flame in dependence on temperature and on composition of initial natural gas — air mixture (ratio «air : gas») have been carried out. An opportunity of two-times reduction of maximum NOmax concentration within a flame by initial gas-air mixture enrichment with water vapour has been proven. Bibl. 23, Fig.10, Tab.1.

scholarly journals Children who say hand dryers ‘hurt my ears’ are correct: A real-world study examining the loudness of automated hand dryers in public places

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 216-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nora Louise Keegan
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Noise Level ◽  
Ear Canal ◽  
Public Places ◽  
Safe Level ◽  
Sound Levels ◽  
Air Stream ◽  
Health Canada

Abstract Introduction Previous research has suggested that hand dryers may operate at dangerously loud levels for adults. No research has explored whether they operate at a safe level for children’s hearing. Children’s ears are more sensitive to damage from loud sounds than adult ears. Health Canada prohibits the sale of toys with peak loudness greater than 100 dB. This study tested installed dryers in public washrooms to see if they were safe for children’s hearing. Methods Forty-four hand dryers in public washrooms were each measured for peak sound levels in a standardized fashion, including at children’s ear canal heights. Each dryer was measured at 10 different combinations of heights and distances from the wall, and with and without hands in the air stream coming from the hand dryer, for a total of 20 measurements per dryer. Results Xlerator units performed the loudest, with all being louder than 100 dBA at all measurements whenever hands were in the airstream. Several Dyson Airblade models were also very loud, including the single loudest measurement of 121 dBA. While some other units operated at low sound levels, many units were louder at children’s ear heights than at adult ear heights. Discussion Many dryers operated much louder than their manufacturers claimed, usually greater than 100 dBA (the maximum allowable noise level for products/toys meant for children). Conclusion This study suggests that many hand dryers operate at levels far louder than their manufacturers claim and at levels that are clearly dangerous to children’s hearing.

Electron Microscopy in Molecular Biology

1967 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 2-3
Author(s):  
Cecil E. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Noise Level ◽  
Molecular Structures ◽  
Material Structure ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Shadow Casting ◽  
Electron Image ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Very High

The visualization of organic macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, viruses and virus components has reached its high degree of effectiveness owing to refinements and reliability of instruments and to the invention of methods for enhancing the structure of these materials within the electron image. The latter techniques have been most important because what can be seen depends upon the molecular and atomic character of the object as modified which is rarely evident in the pristine material. Structure may thus be displayed by the arts of positive and negative staining, shadow casting, replication and other techniques. Enhancement of contrast, which delineates bounds of isolated macromolecules has been effected progressively over the years as illustrated in Figs. 1, 2, 3 and 4 by these methods. We now look to the future wondering what other visions are waiting to be seen. The instrument designers will need to exact from the arts of fabrication the performance that theory has prescribed as well as methods for phase and interference contrast with explorations of the potentialities of very high and very low voltages. Chemistry must play an increasingly important part in future progress by providing specific stain molecules of high visibility, substrates of vanishing “noise” level and means for preservation of molecular structures that usually exist in a solvated condition.

Detection of a point defect in a silicon single crystal by high-resolution TEM

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 466-467
Author(s):  
M. Awaji
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Single Crystal ◽  
Point Defect ◽  
Point Defects ◽  
Noise Level ◽  
Dark Field ◽  
Silicon Single Crystal ◽  
High Resolution Image ◽  
Dark Field Imaging ◽  
Field Imaging

It is necessary to improve the resolution, brightness and signal-to-noise ratio(s/n) for the detection and identification of point defects in crystals. In order to observe point defects, multi-beam dark-field imaging is one of the useful methods. Though this method can improve resolution and brightness compared with dark-field imaging by diffuse scattering, the problem of s/n still exists. In order to improve the exposure time due to the low intensity of the dark-field image and the low resolution, we discuss in this paper the bright-field high-resolution image and the corresponding subtracted image with reference to a changing noise level, and examine the possibility for in-situ observation, identification and detection of the movement of a point defect produced in the early stage of damage process by high energy electron bombardment.The high-resolution image contrast of a silicon single crystal in the [10] orientation containing a triple divacancy cluster is calculated using the Cowley-Moodie dynamical theory and for a changing gaussian noise level. This divacancy model was deduced from experimental results obtained by electron spin resonance. The calculation condition was for the lMeV Berkeley ARM operated at 800KeV.

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