scholarly journals REDUCTION OF NITROGEN OXIDES EFFLUENTS WITHIN AN OPEN FLAME BY INPUT THE WATER VAPOUR INTO COMBUSTION AIR FLOW

2018 ◽  
pp. 57-70
Author(s):  
B.S. Soroka ◽  
A.V. Kornienko ◽  
V.S. Kudryavtsev ◽  
R.S. Karabchievskaya
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Nitrogen Oxides ◽  
Water Vapour ◽  
Combustion Products ◽  
Nox Formation ◽  
Mixture Ratio ◽  
Open Flame ◽  
Environmental Consequences ◽  
Working Medium ◽  
Experimental Researches

The state-of-the art the problem concerning reduction the NOx formation by humidification the combustion air is briefly consideredan, alized and discussed. The proper technologies of combustion the wet inflammable mixtures are considered for the cases of using the water vapour pump (WVP), Maisotsenko cycle (M-cycle) and suitable facilities along with the cases of operation the combined systems with heat recovery due transfer the water vapour energy to working medium (combustion products). Both environmental and power advantages of the systems of «wet combustion» have been demonstrated accordingly data collected in some earlier researches. The results of experimental researches of burning process under conditions of input the water vapour into the gas–air mixture to be supplied for combustion are presented in the paper in frame of consideration the results of own authors’ tests. Given information concerning the investigation of environmental consequences of impact the water vapour within the inflammable mixture on nitrogen oxides NOx value in combustion products ([NOx] concentration) has been generalized. The techniques of experimental researches, the design of firing rig and instrumentation, used in the tests have been described. The distinction of ignition the natural gas-air mixture and of stable flame maintenance for case of free vertical flame operation have been evaluated in dependence on inflammable mixture’s composition along with studying of impact a moisture content — H2O concentration in initial gas-air mixture. Comparative evaluations of NO value within an open flame in dependence on temperature and on composition of initial natural gas — air mixture (ratio «air : gas») have been carried out. An opportunity of two-times reduction of maximum NOmax concentration within a flame by initial gas-air mixture enrichment with water vapour has been proven. Bibl. 23, Fig.10, Tab.1.

scholarly journals RESEARCH AND ASSESSMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY OF BAKERY ENTERPRISES

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Krusir ◽  
I. Kondratenko ◽  
A. Garkoviсh ◽  
T. Shpyrko ◽  
L. Lobotskaya
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Oxides ◽  
Nitrogen Oxide ◽  
Combustion Products ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Oxide Formation ◽  
Nitrogen Oxide Emissions ◽  
Nox Formation ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Exhaust Gases ◽  
Similar Range

The paper considers how to decrease the concentration of nitrogen oxides in gas emissions of bakery enterprises. Nitrogen oxides (NOx) formed in the course of burning natural gas  are responsible for more than 90% of an enterprise’s hazard category. So, it has been determined how much NOx is contained in exhaust gases emitted at different loadings on the floor of the oven at an enterprise,  this parameter being the main characteristic of the effectiveness  of ovens and their impact on the environment. The paper presents the results of experiments that have allowed determining the regression equations describing how the NOx quantity per unit of output in an enterprise’s exhaust gases depends on the amount of the fuel consumed and on the loading on the floor of baking ovens. The procedure of the experiments has been described, and the numerical results have been presented and analysed. It has been established that when making a loaf of wheat-flour oven-bottom bread weighing 0.9 kg,  with 70% loading on the floor of an oven (PPC1381), the nitrogen oxides concentration in combustion products is 212.00 μg/m3, and the specific NOx  formation is 292.25 μg/kg. The nitrogen oxides concentration is 152.00 μg/m3, and the specific formation is 306.00 μg/kg when the oven floor loading is 40%. If a similar range of products is baked in ovens Minel100 with the maximum-loaded and half-loaded oven floor, the production is accompanied by specific nitrogen oxide emissions of 239.50  μg/kg  and 247.80 μg/kg respectively. When enriched buns of 0.1 kg are baked in ovens BN50 with the maximum-loaded and half-loaded oven floor, the process   is   accompanied   by   specific   nitrogen   oxide   emissions of 209.20 μg/kg and 265.96 μg/kg respectively. The nitrogen oxides content in gases withdrawn from bakery ovens has been instrumentally measured. This has allowed obtaining regression equations of dependence of the specific NOx weight in gas emissions on the amount of fuel consumed and on the oven floor  loading. It  has been found that in the ovens considered, the nitrogen oxide formation per output unit decreased when the oven floor loading increased, because less fuel is needed to make up for the loss of heat accompanying the emission of fumes. The contributions of the argument parameters have been determined according to the regression model to estimate the quantitative dependence. The amount of nitrogen oxides depends on the oven floor loading. A mathematical model has been developed describing how nitrogen oxide formation depends on the oven floor loading and fuel consumption. The model can be used to introduce an industry standard of quantification of nitrogen oxides formed when manufacturing a unit of output.

scholarly journals Issues on Nitrogen Oxides Concentration Reduction in the Combustion Products of Natural Gas

2015 ◽  
Vol 113 ◽  
pp. 287-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.V. Shalaj ◽  
A.G. Mikhailov ◽  
E.N. Slobodina ◽  
S.V. Terebilov
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Nitrogen Oxides ◽  
Combustion Products

Emission Characteristics of a Premixed Cyclic-Periodical-Mixing Combustor Operated With Hydrogen-Natural Gas Fuel Mixtures

2009 ◽  
Vol 132 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jochen R. Brückner-Kalb ◽  
Michael Krösser ◽  
Christoph Hirsch ◽  
Thomas Sattelmayer
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Chemical Reactor ◽  
Combustion Products ◽  
Chemical Effect ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Nox Formation ◽  
Lean Blowout ◽  
Asme Turbo Expo

The concept of the cyclic periodical mixing combustion process (Kalb, and Sattelmayer, 2004, “Lean Blowout Limit and NOx-Production of a Premixed Sub-ppm-NOx Burner With Periodic Flue Gas Recirculation,” Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2004, Paper No. GT2004-53410; Kalb, and Sattelmayer, 2006, “Lean Blowout Limit and NOx-Production of a Premixed Sub-ppm-NOx Burner With Periodic Recirculation of Combustion Products,” ASME J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power, 128(2), pp. 247–254) for the extension of the lean blowout limit had been implemented in an atmospheric experimental combustor for testing with both external perfect (Brückner-Kalb, Hirsch, and Sattelmayer, 2006, “Operation Characteristics of a Premixed Sub-ppm NOx Burner With Periodical Recirculation of Combustion Products,” Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2006, Paper No. GT2006-90072) and technical (Brückner-Kalb, Napravnik, Hirsch, and Sattelmayer, 2007, “Development of a Fuel-Air Premixer for a Sub-ppm NOx Burner,” Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2007, Paper No. GT2007-27779) premixing of reactants. It had been tested with natural gas and has now been tested with a mixture of 70%vol of hydrogen and 30%vol of natural gas (98% CH4) as fuel. With natural gas the NOx emissions are unaffected by the limited technical premixing quality, as long as the air preheat is in the design range of the premixers (Brückner-Kalb, Napravnik, Hirsch, and Sattelmayer, 2007, “Development of a Fuel-Air Premixer for a Sub-ppm NOx Burner,” Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2007, Paper No. GT2007-27779). Then, for adiabatic flame temperatures of up to 1630 K NOx emissions are below 1 ppm(v) with CO emissions below 8 ppm(v) in the whole operation range of the test combustor (15% O2, dry). With the “70%volH2−30%volCH4” mixture the NOx emissions increase by nearly one order of magnitude. Then, NOx emissions below 7 ppm(v) (15% O2, dry) are achieved for adiabatic flame temperatures of up to 1600 K. They approach the 1 ppm(v) level only for flame temperatures below 1450 K. CO emissions are below 4 ppm(v). The reason for the increase in the NOx emissions is the higher reactivity of the mixture, which leads to earlier ignition in zones of still elevated unmixedness of reactants near the premixer-injector exits. This effect was investigated by chemical reactor network simulations analyzing a pressure effect and an additional chemical effect of hydrogen combustion on NOx formation.

scholarly journals FEATURES OF THE INFLUENCE OF RECIRCULATION OF COMBUSTION PRODUCTS ON THE FORMATION OF NITROGEN OXIDES IN BOILERS DURING BURNING NATURAL GAS

2018 ◽  
pp. 62-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.Ya. Sigal ◽  
A.V. Smikhula ◽  
O.I. Sigal ◽  
O.V. Marasin ◽  
E.S. Kernazhytska
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Nitrogen Oxides ◽  
Combustion Zone ◽  
Combustion Products ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Entire Volume ◽  
Exhaust Gases ◽  
Additional Amount ◽  
Thermal Nox ◽  
The One

During the combustion of natural gas and the supply of exhaust gases recirculation like a ballast was shown. It is necessary to take into account that they contain nitrogen oxides, mainly in the form of NO, which does not decompose in the combustion zone, but is added to nitrogen oxides that has been produced during burning of fuel. The combustion products are affordable, but not ideal ballast. As on the one side, they reduce the maximum temperature in the combustion zone and the concentration of reagents, i.e. reduces the formation of «thermal» NOx, on the other side, they add to the combustion zone an additional amount of nitric oxide, which is summed up with that has been formed during burning in the combustion chamber and also reducing the efficiency of the method. When the maximum temperature in the combustion zone is the highest and the entire volume of fuel and ballast before to the combustion is best mixed during recirculation of exhaust gases, their effect on the formation of nitrogen oxides is the highest. The most effective ballast that reduces the formation of NO during combustion is carbon dioxide, provided it is well pre-molecularly mixed with natural gas before to the combustiontion zone. Bibl. 16, Tab. 4, Fig. 2.

Geopolitics of Energy

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 78
Author(s):  
Blerina Muskaj
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Qualitative Methodology ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Energy Market ◽  
Energy Potential ◽  
Environmental Consequences ◽  
Regional Energy ◽  
Political Debates ◽  
Political Weapon

At the beginning of my paper I will explain the concept of "Geopolitics of Energy", this will be done for a quite simple reason, because I want everyone who can sit to read this article to understand more clearly what is at stake, therefore allow them the comprehension of what is being elaborated bellow at first sight. Geopolitics of energy is a concept that relates to policies choosing exporters to implement on importers, is the policy that has an impact on energy consumption, which includes consumer’s choice in the geopolitical context, taking into account the economy, foreign policy, the safety of energy, environmental consequences and priorities that carries the energy exporter. This concept permits the understanding of how works the politics that undertakes this initiative taking into account natural resources such as: natural gas and oil. Natural gas and oil are two main resources that produce energy but also two main elements on which arises all the topic in the energetics game. For this paper is used qualitative methodology, through which we were able to accomplish this work. I focused on scientific literature, official publications and reports on energy geopolitics. The main aim has been to show how in this decade, energy security is at the center of geopolitical agenda and has become the focus of numerous political debates. Regarding this point of view, Europe is taking the initiative to create a common energy market within the continent by creating projects, in which Albania appears as a new regional energy potential. Russia, which is aiming to play a role in the international arena, is seeking to position itself geopolitically in "its political weapon", hydrocarbon resources, in particular natural gas resources.

EFFECT OF AIR HEATING ON CONCENTRATION OF NITROGEN OXIDES IN COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OF GASEOUS FUELS

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (10) ◽  
pp. 35-40
Author(s):  
S.I. Gertsyk ◽  
◽  
I.V. Belyakov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Blast Furnace ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Nitrogen Oxides ◽  
Combustion Products ◽  
Blast Furnaces ◽  
Natural Gases ◽  
Gaseous Fuels ◽  
Air Heating ◽  
Formation Probability ◽  
Oxide Concentration

The formation probability of nitrogen oxides in combustion products of mixed blast-furnace and natural gases under different conditions of combustion was calculated. It has been found out that heating the air incoming into burners of high-temperature blast-furnaces sharply increases concentration of nitrogen oxides in combustion products (by 1.5-1.75 times). It was notices that in furnaces where temperature was less than 950-1000 °С, heating the air up to 400 °С increased NOx content in gases released to the atmosphere no more than by 20-23%, and oxide concentration was in limits of sanitary standards.

scholarly journals The Modeling and the Experimental Researches of the Microwave-Measuring Transformer of the Humidity of Natural Gas

2021 ◽  
Vol 154 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-13
Author(s):  
Yo.Yo. Bilynskyi ◽  
◽  
B.P. Knysh ◽  
D.V. Novytskyi ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Experimental Researches

scholarly journals EXPERIENCE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF BURNERS, CHAMBERS, AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR REDUCING EMISSIONS OF NITROGEN OXIDES BY BOILERS DURING THE COMBUSTION OF NATURAL GAS

2019 ◽  
pp. 70-79
Author(s):  
I.Ya. Sigal ◽  
A.V. Smikhula ◽  
O.I. Sigal
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Nitrogen Oxides ◽  
Nitrogen Oxide ◽  
National Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Nitrogen Oxide Emissions ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Immediate Reconstruction ◽  
Boiler Units ◽  
Reduce Emissions ◽  
The 1960S

In the article discusses the features of constructive solutions accepted in the burner devices and chambers of boiler units, which were used both when converting solid fuel boilers to natural gas, and creating new designs of gas boiler units. The works to reduce nitrogen oxide emissions at the Gas Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine began in the 1960s and by 1971 significant results had been achieved was shown. The main methods and technical solutions that are used to reduce emissions of nitrogen oxides during the combustion of natural gas in boilers of various capacities, including 300 MW power units, are considered. The principal design of a two-stage burner, which are operated in an amount of more than 2000 units in Ukraine and the CIS countries is presented. The installed two-stage burner devices for combustion of natural gas require immediate reconstruction with bringing their indicators to the calculated ones at the first stage. The modernization of the exist ing two-stage burners is possible to achieve the readings of the EU emissions directive 2010/75/EU was shown. The most promising technologies for further reducing the level of nitrogen oxide emissions less than 100 mg/Nm3 (3% O2, dry gases) when burning natural gas were shown. Bibl. 38, Fig.4, Tab. 1.

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