The Issues of Democratization in Relations between Turkey and the USA in the Post-War Period

At the end of the 20th century and in the first decade of the 21st century, the relations between Turkey and the United States of America attracted the attention of the international community. Since the end of the Cold War, the relationship between the Republic of Turkey and the United States has been mainly focused on security. The foreign policy of the two countries, from time to time, was conducted at counterpurposes. Parallel to this, the periods of ups and downs in political relations had an impact on economic relations as well. It was the matter of security that determined the acceptance of mutual cooperation between the two countries. On the one side stood the USA – one of the leaders of the Western bloc in the Cold War, and on the other Turkey – a state very important in its region, but the most dependent on the US. Despite being in the NATO bloc together with the USA, Turkey has never felt secure itself. Assessing Ankara’s domestic and foreign policy, it is necessary to take into account the relationship with the United States, as it had the biggest impact on the overall shape of Turkey’s policy. Although the real and potential power of these two countries was not equal, during the Cold War Turkey became a stronghold of NATO and the Western bloc against the Soviet Union. Turkey was one of the countries that appeared on the border between the eastern and western hemispheres. Perhaps due to the peculiarities of its geographical location, Turkey became a country with equally special role in the world politics. The relations with the United States evolved precisely in this direction.

The Influence of Small States upon the Superpowers: United States-South Korean Relations as a Case Study, 1950–53

World Politics ◽

10.2307/2010031 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 28 (1) ◽

pp. 97-117 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Chang Jin Park

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Cold War ◽

The United States ◽

World Politics ◽

Mutual Cooperation ◽

Policy Proposal ◽

Nation States ◽

The Republic ◽

The Cold War ◽

One of the important developments in world politics during the cold-war era was the relationship between the superpowers and small nation-states. In contrast to the period before the cold war, small nation-states had considerable latitude for maneuvering in pursuit of their own interests. This phenomenon was largely rooted in the imperatives of the cold war. The relationship between the United States and the Republic of Korea during the period of the Korean War is critically analyzed in light of the new reality in international relations. South Korea tried to influence the conduct of the United States in Korea by employing five techniques: (1) a public call for assistance; (2) a public call for mutual cooperation against the common enemy; (3) a calculated policy proposal for bargaining advantage; (4) refusal to cooperate; and (5) moral suasion. These techniques are examined, with the conclusion that of the five, (1) and (2) were effective; (3) and (4) were least effective; and (5) was most effective.

The Johnson Administration, the Shah of Iran, and the Changing Pattern of U.S.-Iranian Relations, 1965–1967: “Tired of Being Treated like a Schoolboy”

Journal of Cold War Studies ◽

10.1162/jcws.2007.9.2.64 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 64-94 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Andrew L. Johns

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Economic Development ◽

Foreign Policy ◽

Cold War ◽

Third World ◽

The United States ◽

Johnson Administration ◽

Policy Issues ◽

The Cold War ◽

This article explores a key period in the relationship between the United States and Iran in the shadow of the Vietnam conflict and the overarching Cold War. It shows how U.S.-Iranian relations shifted considerably from early 1965—when the shah of Iran stepped up his efforts to reduce his dependence on the United States—to November 1967, when U.S. economic development assistance to Iran formally ended. The Johnson administration's overwhelming concern with the Vietnam conflict led to the neglect of potentially critical foreign policy issues and allies, but the lack of success in Vietnam simultaneously accentuated the importance of maintaining key alliance relationships, especially with Iran. The article underscores the centrality of domestic political considerations in forming and understanding foreign policy, both in the United States and in other countries. It also suggests that Third World leaders understood the nature of the Cold War and used the superpower conflict to their advantage to a much greater degree than previously recognized.

Changing images of the USA in German media discourse during four American presidencies

International Journal of Cultural Studies ◽

10.1177/1367877910384182 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 35-51 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Lucas Pettersson

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Cold War ◽

The United States ◽

The Other ◽

Media Discourse ◽

The Usa ◽

Time Periods ◽

The Cold War ◽

•This article presents a study of how images of the United States have changed in German media discourse since the end of the Cold War. Two leading German news papers, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung and Süddeutsche Zeitung, have been analysed during four time periods — from 1984 to 2009 — covering four American presidencies. The results show that the image of the USA was far more critical in 2004, during the Bush era than during the other presidencies, where positive and trustful images had a more prominent place in the discourse. Even anti-American images were found. However, the critical images were, in general, more focused on what the USA does, not what it is — even during the Bush era. Furthermore, the relationship between the USA and Germany was portrayed as being close and friendly — like a father—son relationship — with the exception of 2004, when relations were presented as somewhat strained. •

Determinants of U.S. Foreign Policy foreign policy during the Cold War The Intra-American Perspective

Studia Politicae Universitatis Silesiensis ◽

10.31261/spus.11383 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 31 ◽

pp. 123-144

Author(s):

Katarzyna Czornik

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Foreign Policy ◽

Cold War ◽

Soviet Union ◽

The United States ◽

Global Scale ◽

American Perspective ◽

The Soviet Union ◽

The Usa ◽

The U.S. accession to the Second World War and indisputable victory initiated a new stage in the history of the United States. The country took a superpower position next to the USSR. The USA became the leading force of the democratic and capitalist world. During the Cold War, competing with the Soviet Union for influence in the global scale, the United States effectively spread its ideology, political system model, and value system. A number of determinants of an internal nature, both objective and subjective, influenced the shape of the foreign policy of the USA during the Cold War.

US grand strategy after the Cold War: Can realism explain it? Should realism guide it?

International Relations ◽

10.1177/0047117817753272 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 32 (1) ◽

pp. 3-22 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Stephen M Walt

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Foreign Policy ◽

Cold War ◽

World Order ◽

The United States ◽

Grand Strategy ◽

Structural Constraints ◽

The Us ◽

The Cold War ◽

Policy Elites

This article uses realism to explain past US grand strategy and prescribe what it should be today. Throughout its history, the United States has generally acted as realism depicts. The end of the Cold War reduced the structural constraints that states normally face in anarchy, and a bipartisan coalition of foreign policy elites attempted to use this favorable position to expand the US-led ‘liberal world order’. Their efforts mostly failed, however, and the United States should now return to a more realistic strategy – offshore balancing – that served it well in the past. Washington should rely on local allies to uphold the balance of power in Europe and the Middle East and focus on leading a balancing coalition in Asia. Unfortunately, President Donald Trump lacks the knowledge, competence, and character to pursue this sensible course, and his cavalier approach to foreign policy is likely to damage America’s international position significantly.

1. Theories of US foreign policy

US Foreign Policy ◽

10.1093/hepl/9780199585816.003.0001 ◽

2012 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Brian Schmidt

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Foreign Policy ◽

Cold War ◽

American Foreign Policy ◽

International System ◽

The United States ◽

Post Cold War ◽

Offensive Realism ◽

Defensive Realism ◽

This chapter examines some of the competing theories that have been advanced to explain U.S. foreign policy. In trying to explain the foreign policy of the United States, a number of competing theories have been developed by International Relations scholars. Some theories focus on the role of the international system in shaping American foreign policy while others argue that various domestic factors are the driving force. The chapter first considers some of the obstacles to constructing a theory of foreign policy before discussing some of the competing theories of American foreign policy, including defensive realism, offensive realism, liberalism, Marxism, neoclassical realism, and constructivism. The chapter proceeds by reviewing the theoretical debate over the origins of the Cold War and the debate over the most appropriate grand strategy that the United States should follow in the post-Cold War era.

5. Soviet–American Relations: Avoiding Hot War and the Search for Stability

International Relations Since 1945 ◽

10.1093/hepl/9780198807612.003.0005 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 145-158

Author(s):

John W. Young ◽

John Kent

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Cold War ◽

Soviet Union ◽

Arms Control ◽

The United States ◽

The Soviet Union ◽

German Question ◽

The Cold War ◽

Relationship Of ◽

This chapter examines US–Soviet relations during the Cold War as well as the question of the genuineness of efforts by the United States and the Soviet Union to achieve disarmament and resolve troublesome disputes. It begins with a discussion of the German question, noting that Germany’s future position was vital to the future of Europe and a particular concern of the Soviets. It then considers the progress of arms control and peace efforts by the United States and the Soviet Union, before concluding with an analysis of the relationship of arms control to the use of armaments in hot war and to some aspects of fighting the Cold War.

Inside the Asian Cold War Intrigues: Revisiting the Taiwan Strait crises

Modern Asian Studies ◽

10.1017/s0026749x16000706 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 52 (6) ◽

pp. 2109-2136

Author(s):

RUPING XIAO ◽

HSIAO-TING LIN

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Cold War ◽

The United States ◽

Taiwan Strait ◽

Communist China ◽

The Status ◽

The Taiwan Strait ◽

The Cold War ◽

Foreign Ministry ◽

AbstractThis article revisits the issue of the offshore islands in the Taiwan Strait during the Cold War. Benefitting from archival materials only recently made available, specifically Chiang Kai-shek's personal diaries, CIA declassified materials, Taiwanese Foreign Ministry files, and rare publications from the Contemporary Taiwan Collection at the Library of the Institute of Oriental Culture, University of Tokyo, this research examines the cloud of suspicion surrounding the secret contacts between Taipei and Beijing leading up to and during the 1958 offshore islands crisis, elucidating how such a political tête-à-tête, and the resultant tacit consensus over the status of the islands, gradually brought about an end to the conflict between Taiwan and Communist China. In hindsight, the crises over the offshore islands along China's southeast coast momentarily brought the United States closer to war with Communist China, while putting the relationship between Taipei and Washington to a serious test. The end result, however, was that, while these isles were technically embedded in the unfinished civil war between the Chinese Nationalists and Communists, they provided, ironically, an opportunity for secret communications and, ultimately, a kind of détente between the two supposedly deadly enemies across the Taiwan Strait. A close examination of the details of these crises, along with their attendant military, political, and diplomatic complexities, reveals an amazing amount of political intrigue at both the local and international levels that has not been fully realized until now.

The image of the phantom threat to children by the United States in Soviet historical cinema of the cold war period

Journal of Political Research ◽

10.12737/2587-6295-2020-25-37 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 25-37

Author(s):

S. Belov ◽

A. Zhidchenko

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Cold War ◽

Violent Behavior ◽

The United States ◽

Point Of View ◽

Historical Discourse ◽

Literary Sources ◽

Military Conflicts ◽

The Usa ◽

The presented study is devoted to studying the practice of constructing the image of a phantom threat to children from the side of an external enemy through historical discourse in the cinema of the USSR and the USA during the Cold War. The aim of this work is to identify common and specific features in the approaches of filmmakers of the two countries to the formation of the image of a phantom threat for children from the side of an external enemy. The research methodology is built on the basis of a combination of historical genetic, comparative and descriptive, as well as content analysis. The author comes to the conclusion that in American films the historical texture in the framework of creating the image of the “Soviet threat” was used only occasionally. For the most part, the relevant plots were included in the cinematic description of actual military conflicts (for example, the war in Afghanistan), the futurological conflict of America and the USSR, or their confrontation in line with an alternative history. Soviet filmmakers were limited in terms of positioning the "American threat" by a series of unspoken rules. For example, the violent behavior of American characters toward children was described primarily verbally. Filmmakers from the United States had more freedom in terms of visualizing violence against children and adolescents. In addition, Americans could more freely and widely disclose the topic of “crimes” attributed to the Soviet side in the context of actual military conflicts. The presence of the indicated restrictions forced Soviet filmmakers to actively turn to historical subjects. However, the specifics of the origin of the basis of the corresponding narrative, which was played by foreign fiction, largely leveled its effectiveness from a political point of view. The literary sources of Soviet films were originally created by American writers for US citizens, whereby their content was saturated with positive images of America and its inhabitants. The latter often concerned the positioning of childhood, especially in a nostalgic manner. A natural consequence of this was the erosion of the negative images promoted by filmmakers. The theoretical significance of the work lies in summarizing the image of the phantom threat to children by the United States in Soviet historical cinema of the cold war period.

21. Global environment

US Foreign Policy ◽

10.1093/hepl/9780198707578.003.0021 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Robyn Eckersley

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Cold War ◽

Ronald Reagan ◽

The United States ◽

World Politics ◽

Environmental Leadership ◽

Post Cold War ◽

Environmental Initiatives ◽

International Environmental Problems ◽

This chapter examines how US foreign policy on environmental issues has evolved over a period of nearly five decades, from Richard Nixon to Barack Obama. It first considers the United States’ environmental multilateralism as well as environmental initiatives under Nixon, Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, Obama, and Donald Trump before discussing key trends and puzzles in US foreign environmental policy. It shows the United States as an environmental leader during the Cold War, but an environmental laggard in the post–Cold War period, with the Obama administration’s re-engagement in climate diplomacy as a significant exception. The chapter also explains how the larger trend of waning environmental leadership from the United States has occurred at the same time as international environmental problems, especially climate change, have increasingly moved from the periphery towards the centre of world politics.