Geographical risk of money laundering in the European banking system

The issue of risk of money laundering in the European banking system was presented in the article. It describes two approaches used by regulators to prevent the mentioned phenomenon: the rule-based approach and the risk-based approach. The author also identified strategies which are used by banks as entities functioning to maximize profit in the conditions of having full and incomplete information by the FIU. Then, the European countries were analyzed with respect to participating reports on suspicious transactions in the total number of reports, which are sent by all the obligated entities to the national financial intelligence units. We also verified the value of two indicators: the value of above-threshold transactions and the value of financial penalties, which are imposed on banks for failure to comply with the rules on anti-money laundering. Some hypotheses were examined. With the increase in GDP per capita grows the maximum value of the mentioned financial penalties grows. There is a negative correlation between the share of banks in the total of reported suspicious transactions and GDP per capita, which is an effect of extending the list of the obligated entities and the lack of the differentiation of sanctions in the various categories of such entities. In connection with the applying of transitional period for implementing the directive by the banks, there is an inverse relationship between the amount of the penalty, and the number of suspicious transactions reports.

Download Full-text

Unofficial Economy Estimation by the MIMIC Model: the Case of Kenya, Namibia, Ghana and Nigeria

Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis ◽

10.11118/actaun201563062043 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 63 (6) ◽

pp. 2043-2049 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Dennis Nchor ◽

Václav Adamec

Keyword(s):

Developing Economies ◽

Banking System ◽

Participation Rate ◽

Gdp Per Capita ◽

Tax Rates ◽

African Countries ◽

Size Of Government ◽

Indicator Variables ◽

Per Capita ◽

Underground Economies

This study investigates the size and trend of the underground economies in selected African countries. Underground economies are present in all countries, but they are endemic in developing economies. Their presence is not necessarily bad for the economies, in which they prevail. It could however cause huge losses to government revenue and could also constitute serious violation of Labor regulations. The study uses the Multiple Indicators and Multiple Causes model (MIMIC), a variant of Simultaneous Equations Model (SEM). It involves two sets of variables: the observed variables and the indicator variables. The former include size of government, indirect tax rates, total tax rates, business regulation, interest rate on deposits, unemployment rate, quality of public services, and GDP per capita. The indicator variables were Labor participation rate in the official economy, the amount of cash held outside the banking system and growth in GDP per capita. This study found the average level of underground economies in Kenya, Namibia, Ghana and Nigeria as 33.7%, 29.1%, 36% and 47%, respectively. The estimated results show that the causes of shadow economic activities vary among the countries. The data was obtained from the World Bank country indicators and the International Financial Statistics.

Download Full-text

BANK EFFICIENCY AND CONCENTRATION OF THE BANKING SECTOR IN THE CEE COUNTRIES

Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW Polityki Europejskie Finanse i Marketing ◽

10.22630/pefim.2019.22.71.27 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 77-89

Author(s):

Sylwester Kozak ◽

Agata Wierzbowska

Keyword(s):

Inflation Rate ◽

Banking Sector ◽

Banking System ◽

The Other ◽

Gdp Per Capita ◽

Bank Capital ◽

Bank Efficiency ◽

Banking Market ◽

Per Capita ◽

The Relationship

The relationship between the structure of the banking market and efficiency of banks has been a subject of many studies for several decades. There is no uniform opinion on the correlation between these variables. The goal of the research is to investigate this relationship for 96 banks operating in eleven CEE countries in the years of 2005-2017. Bank efficiency scores are assessed with the SFA method and regressed with bank and macroeconomic characteristics. The results show that the efficiency of banks is positively affected by the concentration of the market on which they operate, as well as by the size of individual banks. This relationship is valid for all examined countries. Additionally, bank efficiency is positively impacted by improving the banking system. On the other hand, the GDP per capita, inflation rate and bank capital ratio are not conducive to bank efficiency.

Download Full-text

Searching for new Sources of growth. Are the Developing Countries Catching up with the Developed ones?

Voprosy Ekonomiki ◽

10.32609/0042-8736-2015-10-30-53 ◽

2015 ◽

pp. 30-53

Author(s):

V. Popov

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Western Europe ◽

Gdp Per Capita ◽

The West ◽

Catching Up ◽

The Us ◽

The World ◽

Economic Divergence ◽

Per Capita ◽

Relative Standing

This paper examines the trajectory of growth in the Global South. Before the 1500s all countries were roughly at the same level of development, but from the 1500s Western countries started to grow faster than the rest of the world and PPP GDP per capita by 1950 in the US, the richest Western nation, was nearly 5 times higher than the world average and 2 times higher than in Western Europe. Since 1950 this ratio stabilized - not only Western Europe and Japan improved their relative standing in per capita income versus the US, but also East Asia, South Asia and some developing countries in other regions started to bridge the gap with the West. After nearly half of the millennium of growing economic divergence, the world seems to have entered the era of convergence. The factors behind these trends are analyzed; implications for the future and possible scenarios are considered.

Download Full-text

Atlas of economic complexity, Russian regional pages

Voprosy Ekonomiki ◽

10.32609/0042-8736-2018-6-71-91 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 71-91 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

I. L. Lyubimov ◽

M. V. Lysyuk ◽

M. A. Gvozdeva

Keyword(s):

Value Added ◽

Growth Strategy ◽

Gdp Per Capita ◽

Export Diversification ◽

Russian Regions ◽

Economic Complexity ◽

Diversification Strategies ◽

Central Regions ◽

Per Capita ◽

Regions Of Russia

Well-established results indicate that export diversification might be a better growth strategy for an emerging economy as long as its GDP per capita level is smaller than an empirically defined threshold. As average incomes in Russian regions are likely to be far below the threshold, it might be important to estimate their diversification potential. The paper discusses the Atlas of economic complexity for Russian regions created to visualize regional export baskets, to estimate their complexity and evaluate regional export potential. The paper’s results are consistent with previous findings: the complexity of export is substantially higher and diversification potential is larger in western and central regions of Russia. Their export potential might become larger if western and central regions, first, try to join global value added chains and second, cooperate and develop joint diversification strategies. Northern and eastern regions are by contrast much less complex and their diversification potential is small.

Download Full-text

The Reproduction Vector of the Russian Economy: 1999-2007

Voprosy Ekonomiki ◽

10.32609/0042-8736-2008-4-94-109 ◽

2008 ◽

pp. 94-109 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

D. Sorokin

Keyword(s):

Economic Policy ◽

Human Capital ◽

Growth Rates ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Gdp Per Capita ◽

Real Sector ◽

Russian Economy ◽

Per Capita ◽

The Developed Countries

The problem of the Russian economy’s growth rates is considered in the article in the context of Russia’s backwardness regarding GDP per capita in comparison with the developed countries. The author stresses the urgency of modernization of the real sector of the economy and the recovery of the country’s human capital. For reaching these goals short- or mid-term programs are not sufficient. Economic policy needs a long-term (15-20 years) strategy, otherwise Russia will be condemned to economic inertia and multiplying structural disproportions.

Download Full-text

A Brief Survey on Text Classification Using Various Machine Learning Techniques

International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering ◽

10.23956/ijarcsse.v8i1.521 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 14

Author(s):

Padmavathi .S ◽

M. Chidambaram

Keyword(s):

Machine Learning ◽

Text Classification ◽

Fixed Number ◽

Machine Learning Techniques ◽

Online Information ◽

Rule Based ◽

Learning Techniques ◽

Machine Learning Approach ◽

Rule Based Approach

Text classification has grown into more significant in managing and organizing the text data due to tremendous growth of online information. It does classification of documents in to fixed number of predefined categories. Rule based approach and Machine learning approach are the two ways of text classification. In rule based approach, classification of documents is done based on manually defined rules. In Machine learning based approach, classification rules or classifier are defined automatically using example documents. It has higher recall and quick process. This paper shows an investigation on text classification utilizing different machine learning techniques.

Download Full-text

The monetary value of disability-adjusted-life-years lost in Kenya in 2017.pdf

10.31124/advance.9754874 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Joses Kirigia ◽

Rose Nabi Deborah Karimi Muthuri

Keyword(s):

New York ◽

International Monetary Fund ◽

Health Expenditure ◽

Analytical Framework ◽

World Health ◽

Gdp Per Capita ◽

Current Health ◽

Monetary Value ◽

Life Years ◽

Per Capita

<div>A variant of human capital (or net output) analytical framework was applied to monetarily value DALYs lost from 166 diseases and injuries. The monetary value of each of the 166 diseases (or injuries) was obtained through multiplication of the net 2019 GDP per capita for Kenya by the number of DALYs lost from each specific cause. Where net GDP per capita was calculated by subtracting current health expenditure from the GDP per capita. </div><div> </div><p>The DALYs data for the 166 causes were from IHME (Global Burden of Disease Collaborative Network, 2018), GDP per capita data from the International Monetary Fund world economic outlook database (International Monetary Fund, 2019), and the current health expenditure per person data from the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database (World Health Organization, 2019b). A model consisting of fourteen equations was calculated with Excel Software developed by Microsoft (New York).</p><p> </p>

Download Full-text